Fig. 1.

Aging processes identified in veins and their connections to venous pathology. For detailed description and references, see the corresponding chapters. Abbreviations: CK-8, Cytokeratin-8; FVIII, FIX, clot factors VIII and IX; ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; iNOS, inducible nitrogen monoxide synthase; IL1α, IL6, IL8, interleukins 1alfa, 6, and 8; MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein; MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, Matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3; PAI-1; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; SM-MHC, Smooth muscle heavy chain; TIMP-2, TIMP-3, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 3; TxA2, thromboxane A2; VCAM-1, Vascular adhesion molecule-1; vWF, von Willebrand factor; TGFbeta, Transforming growth factor beta; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor