Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and perinatal outcomes.
| HDP in the subsequent pregnancy | Non-HDP in the subsequent pregnancy | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 128 | n = 1,618 | ||
| Tertiary center | 89 (69.5) | 734 (45.4) | < 0.001* |
| Index pregnancy | |||
| Maternal age, years old | 31.3 ± 4.8 | 30.4 ± 4.8 | 0.054 |
| Pre-pregnant BMI | 24.3 ± 5.4 | 20.6 ± 2.9 | < 0.001* |
| Overweight/Obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0) | 47 (36.7) | 102 (6.3) | < 0.001* |
| Smokers | 0 (0.0) | 17 (1.1) | 1.000 |
| OvertDM | 4 (3.1) | 14 (0.9) | 0.055 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 1 (0.8) | 15 (0.9) | 1.000 |
| Hypothyroidism | 3 (2.3) | 32 (2.0) | 1.000 |
| Primiparity | 96 (75.0) | 1,111 (68.7) | 0.596 |
| ART | 20 (15.6) | 124 (7.7) | 0.001* |
| Gestational body weight gain, kg | 11.5 ± 4.8 | 10.9 ± 3.8 | 0.149 |
| HDP | 72 (56.3) | 130 (8.0) | < 0.001* |
| GA at the onset of HDP, weeks, median [p25, p75] | 32.9 [27.2, 37.3] | 36.7 [30.8, 38.7] | 0.005* |
| Early-onset HDP | 39/72 (54.2) | 41/130 (31.5) | 0.002* |
| PE | 17/72 (23.6) | 37/130 (28.5) | 0.456 |
| GDM | 11 (8.6) | 55 (3.4) | 0.005* |
| Stillbirth > 22 weeks of gestation | 1 (0.8) | 13 (0.8) | 1.000 |
| GA at delivery, weeks | 39.0 ± 2.1 | 39.1 ± 2.1 | 0.490 |
| Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) | 15 (11.7) | 118 (7.3) | 0.069 |
| Cesarean section | 39 (30.5) | 376 (23.2) | 0.066 |
| Neonatal sex, male | 59 (46.1) | 883 (54.6) | 0.064 |
| Neonatal height, cm | 49.2 ± 3.2 | 49.4 ± 2.9 | 0.428 |
| Birthweight, g | 2,970 ± 553 | 2,976 ± 494 | 0.891 |
| Light for date infant | 9 (7.0) | 124 (7.7) | 0.683 |
| Placental weight, g | 580.2 ± 125.6 | 571.1 ± 112.7 | 0.390 |
| Inter-pregnancy | |||
| Pregnancy interval, years, median [p25, p75] | 2.1 [1.6, 2.8] | 2.0 [1.7, 2.5] | 0.317 |
| ΔBMI | 0.99 ± 1.88 | 0.40 ± 1.37 | 0.001* |
| Anuual BMI change, kg/m2/year | 0.60 ± 1.42 | 0.19 ± 0.77 | 0.002* |
| Subsequent pregnancy | |||
| Maternal age, years old | 33.7 ± 5.0 | 32.7 ± 5.0 | 0.017* |
| Pre-pregnant BMI | 25.3 ± 5.7 | 21.0 ± 3.0 | < 0.001* |
| Overweight (BMI > 25.0) | 57 (44.5) | 137 (8.5) | < 0.001* |
| Smokers | 0 (0.0) | 17 (1.1) | 1.000 |
| OvertDM | 5 (3.9) | 16 (1.0) | 0.009* |
| Hyperthyroidism | 1 (0.8) | 15 (0.9) | 1.000 |
| Hypothyroidism | 3 (2.3) | 32 (2.0) | 1.000 |
| ART | 18 (14.1) | 122 (7.5) | 0.007* |
| Gestational body weight gain, kg | 10.3 ± 4.2 | 10.2 ± 3.6 | 0.688 |
| HDP | 128 (100) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| GA at the onset of HDP, weeks, median [p25, p75] | 36.5 [31.4, 38.0] | – | – |
| Early-onset HDP | 44 (34.4) | – | – |
| PE | 30 (23.4) | – | – |
| GDM | 20 (15.6) | 121 (7.5) | 0.003* |
| Stillbirth ≥ 22 weeks of gestation | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 1.000 |
| GA at delivery, weeks | 38.8 ± 1.9 | 39.0 ± 1.5 | 0.141 |
| Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) | 11 (8.6) | 79 (4.9) | 0.068 |
| Cesarean section | 41 (32.0) | 371 (22.9) | 0.020* |
| Neonatal sex, male | 75 (58.6) | 818 (50.6) | 0.076 |
| Neonatal height, cm | 49.7 ± 3.4 | 49.8 ± 2.1 | 0.936 |
| Birthweight, g | 3,026 ± 601 | 3,054 ± 405 | 0.599 |
| Light for date infant | 12 (9.4) | 49 (3.0) | 0.002* |
| Placental weight, g | 600.9 ± 143.2 | 581.1 ± 108.9 | 0.127 |
HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; ART, assisted reproductive technology; GA, gestational age; PE, preeclampsia; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.
Data are presented as means ± standard deviation or median [p25, p75] for continuous variables and n (%) for discrete variables.
*Statistically significant.