TABLE 1.

Reported risks of malignant neoplasms in DS.

Very increased risk	Acute leukemia (Hasle et al., 2000; Boker et al., 2001; Hill et al., 2003; Goldacre, 2004; Patja et al., 2006; Rethoré et al., 2020), both lymphoblastic (Hasle et al., 2000; Boker et al., 2001; Hill et al., 2003; Goldacre, 2004) and myeloblastic (Hasle et al., 2000; Boker et al., 2001; Hill et al., 2003; Goldacre, 2004)
	Testicular cancer (Hasle et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2003; Goldacre, 2004; Patja et al., 2006; Rethoré et al., 2020)
Similar/slightly increased risk	Retinoblastoma (Hasle et al., 2000; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Intracranial germ cell tumors (Rethoré et al.,2020)
	Extracranial germ cell tumors (Rethoré et al.,2020)
	Penile cancer (Hill et al.,2003)
	Sarcoma of the bone and soft tissue (Rethoré et al.,2020)
	Bone tumors (Patja et al.,2006)
Reduced risk	Tumors in the CNS (Hasle et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2003; Patja et al.,2006; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Glial tissue tumors in childhood (Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Cancer of the oral cavity (Hasle et al., 2000; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Upper airway cancer (Patja et al.,2006; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Bronchus cancer (Patja et al.,2006; Jørgensen et al., 2019; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Lung cancer (Hasle et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2003; Patja et al.,2006; Jørgensen et al., 2019)
	Uterine cervix cancer (Patja et al.,2006; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Thyroid tumors (Patja et al.,2006; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Skin cancer (Hasle et al., 2000; Patja et al.,2006; Jørgensen et al., 2019)
	Head and Neck cancer (Patja et al.,2006)
Exceptional (very reduced risk)	Neuroblastoma (Boker et al., 2001; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Medulloblastoma (Rethoré et al.,2020)
	Nephroblastoma or Wilms tumor (Rethoré et al.,2020)
	Breast cancer (Hasle et al., 2000; Boker et al., 2001; Hill et al., 2003; Jørgensen et al., 2019; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Prostate cancer (Patja et al.,2006; Rethoré et al., 2020)
Controversial	Lymphoma (Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin) (Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Increased (Goldacre, 2004)
	Similar (Boker et al., 2001; Hill et al., 2003; Patja et al.,2006)
	Reduced (Hasle et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2003)
	Digestive track cancer (Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Increased: overall (Hill et al.,2003), colon cancer (Hill et al., 2003; Goldacre, 2004; Patja et al.,2006), gallbladder cancer (Patja et al.,2006), liver tumors (Hill et al., 2003; Patja et al.,2006), gastric tumors (Boker et al., 2001; Patja et al.,2006)
	Similar: gastric tumors (Hasle et al.,2000), colon cancer (Hasle et al.,2000), pancreatic tumors (Patja et al.,2006)
	Reduced: overall (Hasle et al.,2000), rectal cancer (Patja et al.,2006)
	Renal cancer
	Similar (Hasle et al.,2000)
	Reduced (Patja et al.,2006)
	Unknown (Rethoré et al.,2020)
	Bladder
	Increased (Hasle et al.,2000)
	Decreased (Patja et al.,2006)
	Female genital tract tumors
	Uterine cervix cancer: reduced risk (Patja et al.,2006; Rethoré et al., 2020)
	Uterine tumors: similar/slightly increased (Hasle et al., 2000; Rethoré et al., 2020); reduced (Patja et al.,2006)
	Ovarian tumors: similar/slightly increased (Hasle et al., 2000; Rethoré et al., 2020); similar (Boker et al.,2001); reduced (Patja et al.,2006)