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. 2021 Nov 18;4:1304. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4

Fig. 1. Brain cytokines (CYT, orange circles) network and different suggested routes by which peripherally released inflammatory signals can bypass the blood–brain barrier and circumventricular organs (CVOs), and activate the central nervous system: humoral, cellular, and neural pathways.

Fig. 1

CCL-2: C-C motif chemokine ligand-2; CXCL-10: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10; IL-1: interleukin-1; mNTS: medial nucleus tractus solitarius; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.