Table 1.
Main human findings on the effects of recovery sleep on sleep deprivation-induced changes in immune and inflammatory parameters.
| Subjects (number and age range or mean) | Sleep deprivation protocol | Effect of sleep deprivation on immune parameters compared with baseline | Recovery sleep protocol | Effect of recovery sleep on immune parameters compared with baseline | Effect of recovery sleep on immune parameters compared with sleep deprivation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy men and women (n = 20, 21–30 yrs) | 64 h TSD | ↑ Granulocytes and monocytes, NK cell activity | 1 Night (h sleep not reported) | ↑ Granulocytes, monocytes; = NK cell activity |
= Granulocytes; ↓ monocytes; ↓ NK cell activity |
Dinges et al.214 |
| Healthy men (n = 32, 19–29 yrs) | 2 Nights TSD or 4 nights of REM SD | TSD: ↑ total leukocytes, neutrophils, CD4 T cells; REM SD: ↓ IgA | 3 Nights (8 h sleep/night) | = Total leukocytes, neutrophils; ↑ CD4 T cells ↓ IgA | ND | Ruiz et al.308 |
| Healthy young men (n = 10, 21–29 yrs) | 1 Night TSD |
During SD: ↑ monocytes, lymphocytes, NK cells. The day after SD: ↓ lymphocytes, NK cells |
1 Night (8 h sleep) | = Monocytes, lymphocytes; ↓ NK cells | ND | Born et al.210 |
| Healthy men (n = 12, mean age 29 yrs) | 40 h TSD |
↑ Plasma E-selectin; ↑ systolic BP, heart rate; plasma norepinephrine; ↓ endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation |
1 Night (8 h sleep) | ↑ Plasma ICAM-1, IL-6, norepinephrine | ND | Sauvet et al.191 |
| Healthy men (n = 31, 18–27 yrs) | 1 Night with 2 h sleep | ↑ Total leukocytes, neutrophils | 1 Night of 8 h sleep or 1 night of 10 h sleep | 8 h Recovery sleep: ↑ leukocytes, neutrophils; 10 h recovery sleep: = leukocytes, neutrophils | 8 h Recovery sleep: = leukocytes, neutrophils; 10 h recovery sleep: ↓ leukocytes, neutrophils | Faraut et al.289 |
| Healthy men (n = 19, 19–29 yrs) | 5 Nights with 4 h sleep/night |
↓ NK cells; ↑ B cells; ↑ plasma CRP; ↑ IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6 (PBMC mRNA); ↓ TNF-α (PBMC protein) |
2 Nights (8 h sleep/night) | = NK cells; = B cells; ↑ CRP, IL-17; = IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | ND | van Leeuwen et al.203 |
| Healthy men (n = 9, 22–27 yrs) | 5 Nights with 4 h sleep/night | ↑ Total leukocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes | 7 Nights (8 h sleep/night) | ↓ Monocytes, lymphocytes; ↑ neutrophils | ND | Lasselin et al.212 |
| Healthy men and women (n = 24, 36-76 yrs) | 1 Night with 4 h sleep | ↑ IL-6 and TNF-α (PBMC protein) | 1 Night (8 h sleep) | ↑ IL-6 and TNF-α | ND | Irwin et al.262 |
| Healthy men (n = 10, 22–37 yrs) (Exp. 1) and healthy men and women (n = 10, 26–38 yrs) (Exp. 2) | 88 h TSD (Exp. 1) and 10 days with 4.2 h sleep/night (Exp. 2) | ↑ Plasma CRP | 3 Nights (assessment only in the first recovery day) | ↑ Plasma CRP | ND | Meier-Ewert et al.190 |
| Healthy men and women (n = 21, 25–39 yrs and n = 49, 60-84 yrs) | 1 night with 4 h sleep | ↑ IL-6 and TNF-α (PBMC protein) in younger adults | 1 night (8 h sleep) | ↑ IL-6 and TNF-α | ND | Carroll et al.309 |
| Healthy men and women (n = 30, 18–34 yrs) | 6 Nights with 6 h sleep/night | ↑ Plasma IL-6 | 3 Nights (10 h sleep/night) | = Plasma IL-6 | ↓ Plasma IL-6 | Pejovic et al.310 |
| Healthy men and women (n = 14, 18–35 yrs) | 5 Nights with 4 h sleep/night, for 3 weeks | ↑ IL-6 (PBMC protein) | 2 Nights (8 h sleep/night), for 3 weeks | ↑ IL-6 (PBMC protein) | ND | Simpson et al.234 |
BP blood pressure, exp experiment, ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ND not determined, PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells, SD sleep deprivation, TSD total sleep deprivation, VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, yrs years, ↑ significant increase, ↓ significant decrease, = no significant change.