Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Nov 5;12:748417. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748417

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 Hartmann, Miggiolaro, Motta, Baena Carstens, Busatta Vaz De Paula, Fagundes Grobe, Hermann de Souza Nunes, Lenci Marques, Libby, Zytynski Moura, de Noronha and Pellegrino Baena

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

(A) Photomicrographs demonstrating histochemical (A1/2 - Toluidine Blue) and immunohistochemical (B = CD163; C = Casp-1; D = Casp-9; E = GSDM-D; F = ICAM-1) reactions of both groups: cases of COVID-19 (B1-F1) and cases of their respective controls (B2-F2). A1 (COVID-19) and A2 (control) show a mast cell in the perivascular space (arrows): in A1 the mast cell is degranulated, whereas in A2, the mast cell is intact. B1 (COVID-19) shows CD163-immunostained macrophages (arrows) in the myocardial interstitium, whereas in B2 (control) these CD163 macrophages (arrow) are less numerous. C1 (COVID-19) shows endothelial cells (arrow) with strong expression of Casp-1, whereas in C2 (control), Casp-1 expression in endothelial cells (arrow) is much more discrete. D1 (COVID-19) shows a weak expression of Casp-9 in the myocardium (asterisk), whereas in D2 (control), this expression is strong (asterisk). E1 (COVID-19) shows a weak expression of GSDM-D in the myocardium (asterisk), with E2 (control) showing a strong expression (asterisk). F1 (COVID-19) shows a strong expression of ICAM-1 in endothelial cells (arrow), whereas, in F2 (control), this expression is discrete (arrow). (B) Photomicrographs demonstrating immunohistochemical reactions (A = TNF-α; B = MMP-9; C = IL-4; D = IL-6; E = IL-1β; F = TGF-β; G = collagen 3; H = TUNEL) from both groups: cases of COVID-19 (A1-H1) and their respective controls (A2-H2). A1 (COVID-19) shows myocardial interstitium expressing TNF-α (asterisk), whereas, in A2 (control), we can observe that this expression is discrete (asterisk). B1(COVID-19) shows myocardial interstitium expressing MMP-9 (asterisk), whereas, in B2 (control), this expression is discrete (asterisk). C1 (COVID-19) shows interstitial macrophages (arrow) and endothelial cells (asterisk) with strong expression of IL-4, whereas in C2 (control), the expression of IL-4 in interstitial macrophages (arrow) and endothelial cells (asterisk) is discrete. D1 (COVID-19) shows a strong expression of IL-6 in the interstitium (asterisk), whereas, in D2 (control), this expression is discrete (asterisk). E1 (COVID-19) shows moderate expression of IL-1β in the myocardial interstitium (asterisk), and E2 (control) has a more discrete expression (asterisk). F1 (COVID-19) shows a strong expression of TGF-β in the interstitium of the myocardium (asterisk), whereas, in F2 (control), this expression is much more discrete or absent (asterisk). G1 (COVID-19) shows a strong expression of collagen 3 in the interstitium of the myocardium (asterisk), and this expression is much more delicate (asterisk) in G2 (control). H1 (COVID-19) demonstrates elevated DNA fragmentation in the TUNEL assay (arrow) compared to H2 (control), where few nuclei (arrow) are labeled.