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. 2021 Nov 5;12:748417. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748417

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Copyright © 2021 Hartmann, Miggiolaro, Motta, Baena Carstens, Busatta Vaz De Paula, Fagundes Grobe, Hermann de Souza Nunes, Lenci Marques, Libby, Zytynski Moura, de Noronha and Pellegrino Baena

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graphical representation of the immunohistochemical analysis according to the biomarker expression (Toluidine Blue; CD-163; Casp-1; Casp-9; GSDM-D; ICAM-1; TNF-α; MMP-9; IL-4; IL-6; IL-1β; TGF-β; Collagen 1 and 3) in COVID 19 cases and controls. Biomarkers were analyzed using Allred scoring system: score 0-5 depending on the proportion of cells which are stained (proportion score [PS]: score 0 = none stained cells, score 1 = 1%, score 2 = 1-10%, score 3 = 11-33%, score 4 = 34-66% and score 5 = 66-100%) and score 0-3 depending on the intensity of staining (intensity score [IS]: score 0 = none stained cells, score 1 = weak, score 2 = moderate, score 3 = strong). The semiquantitative analysis was obtained by summing the two scores (proportion and intensity of positivity), ranging from 0 to 8.