Table 1.
Overview of previous literature concerning the effects of pandemics on tourism.
| Authors | Pandemic | Research topic | Level of analysis | Research method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen (2011) | SARS | Hotel revenue | Macro-level: economics | Quantitative |
| Chien and Law (2003) | SARS | Hotel industry | Macro-level: mixed | Qualitative |
| Cooper (2005) | SARS | Tourist flows | Macro-level: economics | Quantitative |
| Gössling et al. (2020) | COVID-19 | Society, economy, and tourism | Macro-level: mixed | Quantitative |
| Kuo et al. (2008) | SARS & Asian Flu | Travel flows | Macro-level: travel trend | Quantitative |
| Lee and Chen (2011) | SARS | Travel flows | Macro-level: travel trend | Qualitative |
| Lee et al. (2012) | H1N1 | Travel intentions | Micro-level: consumer behavior | Quantitative |
| Mao et al. (2010) | SARS | Tourist flows | Macro-level: travel trend | Quantitative |
| Pine and McKercher (2004) | SARS | Tourism industry | Macro-level: economics | Quantitative |
| Renaud (2020) | COVID-19 | Cruise industry | Macro-level: economics | Qualitative |
| Rittichainuwat and Chakraborty (2009) | SARS, Bird Flu | Perceived travel risks | Micro-level: consumer behavior | Quantitative |
| Tse et al. (2006) | SARS | Crisis management & recovery | Macro-level: mixed | Qualitative |
| Wang (2009) | SARS | Travel flows | Macro-level: economics | Quantitative |
| Wen et al. (2005) | SARS | Consumer behaviour | Micro-level: consumer behavior | Quantitative |
| Wu et al. (2010) | H1N1 | Hotel occupancy | Macro-level: economics | Quantitative |