TABLE 2.

Results of Communication Intervention Studies Among Adolescents and YAs With Chronic Conditions and HCPs

Study	Age, years	N	Population	Intervention	Selected Results
Brown and Wissow, 2009 (38)	11–16	358	Primary care setting	Communication intervention (motivational enhancement + patient-centered care, solution-focused cognitive behavioral therapy) vs. control	Primary care provider discussion of sensitive topics (e.g., substances, sexual activity, mental health, and relationship problems) resulted in improved adolescent-reported treatment decision-making, involvement in treatment, and taking responsibility for treatment; treatment condition was unrelated to these adolescent-reported communication outcomes.
Carcone et al., 2013 (70)	12–17	37	Obesity	One MI session targeting weight loss	HCP questions and reflections about change led to adolescent statements about change. HCP questions and reflections about statements against change or reflections about ambivalence led to adolescent statements against change.
Carcone et al., 2020 (69)	Adolescents and YAs, age range not reported	80	HIV	MI with HCPs who had previous MI training	HCP questions (both closed and open ended), reflections, and affirmations about change led to adolescent and YA statements about change. HCP statements focused on patient autonomy also led to youth statements about change. HCP information-giving in a manner that did not encourage patient autonomy also led to youth statements against change.
Idalski et al., 2020 (87)	16–25	320 (estimated enrollment)	Type 1 diabetes	QPL, motivational enhancement, and texts using an eight-arm, multiphase optimization strategy design	To be determined; this ongoing study seeks to examine efficacy of QPL, computerized motivational enhancement (grounded in MI framework), and texts. Adolescent and YA self-efficacy and autonomy and HCP-adolescent/HCP-YA communication (communicative and practical support) are hypothesized to mediate associations between treatment condition and outcomes (improvements in glycemia and type 1 diabetes management).
Downing et al., 2017 (66)	11–25	58	Endocrine conditions	QPL, website, and/or a personalized visit summary	Compared with adolescents and YAs who chose no intervention, participants who used at least one intervention asked their HCPs more questions and had higher communication quality ratings.
Martyn et al., 2013 (62)	15–27	186	Primary care setting	Guidelines for Adolescent Preventative Services vs. Event History Calendar, two different behavioral screens	Both YAs and HCPs improved shared decision-making in both conditions, and several communication indicators (mutuality, satisfaction, involvement, and patient-centered care) also improved in both conditions.
Pembroke et al., 2021 (67)	11–17	13	Type 1 diabetes	Video intervention	To be determined; this ongoing study seeks to examine the efficacy of a video intervention to increase adolescent question-asking and HCP education-giving during a clinic visit.
Sleath et al., 2018 (64) and 2020 (65)	11–18	359	Asthma	QPL + video intervention vs. usual care	Compared with usual care, adolescents in the intervention arm asked more questions, and their HCPs provided more education. At 1 year follow-up, asthma control and quality of life did not differ between conditions (i.e., they improved in both). However, in the intervention condition only, adolescents who had previously asked at least one question experienced better asthma control and quality of life compared with adolescents who asked no questions.