Table 2.
Digital biomarkers related to the player actions in Klondike Solitairea.
| Related PAb | Digital biomarker | Description | Contextualization | Value | |||||
| Time-based | |||||||||
|
|
PA 1 | Think time | Time spent thinking of a move. Defined as the time necessary to find and touch a suitable card | Average (SD) | Number (ms) | ||||
|
|
PA 2 | Move time | Time spent moving cards. Defined as the time necessary to move a suitable card to the destination | Average (SD) | Number (ms) | ||||
|
|
PA 1, PA 2 | Total time | Total time to make a move. Defined as the combination of think time and move time | Average (SD) | Number (ms) | ||||
| Performance-based | |||||||||
|
|
PA 3 | Final β error | Whether there were still moves possible when quitting a game | None | Boolean | ||||
|
|
PA 3, PA 4, PA 5, PA 6 | β error | Number of pile moves made with moves remaining on the board divided by the total number of pile moves | Percentage | 0%-100% | ||||
|
|
PA 7 | Ace β error | Number of missed opportunities to place an ace on the suit stacks divided by the total number of game moves | Percentage | 0%-100% | ||||
|
|
PA 8 | King β error | Number of missed opportunities to place a king on an empty spot divided by the total number of game moves | Percentage | 0%-100% | ||||
|
|
PA 10 | Pile move | Number of pile moves divided by the total number of board moves | Percentage | 0%-100% | ||||
| Error-based | |||||||||
|
|
PA 11, PA 12 | Successful move | Number of successful moves divided by the total number of board moves | Percentage | 0%-100% | ||||
|
|
PA 11, PA 12 | Erroneous move | Number of erroneous moves divided by the total number of board moves | Percentage | 0%-100% | ||||
| Execution-based | |||||||||
|
|
PA 13 | Accuracy | Accurateness of selecting a card, defined by how close to the center a card was touched | Average (SD) | 0%-100% | ||||
|
|
PA 14 | Taps | Number of actuations on nonuser interface elements | None | Number | ||||
| Auxiliary-based | |||||||||
|
|
PA 15 | Undo move | Number of undo moves requested. | Percentage | 0%-100% | ||||
|
|
PA 16 | Hint move | Number of hints requested | Percentage | 0%-100% | ||||
| Result-based | |||||||||
|
|
PA 17 | Game time | Total time spent playing a game | None | Number (ms) | ||||
|
|
PA 18 | Score | Final score of a game | None | Number | ||||
|
|
PA 19 | Solved | Whether the game was completed. Indicator of how successfully the game was played | None | Boolean | ||||
|
|
PA 19 | Cards moved | Number of cards selected for each move. An additional indicator of how successfully the game was played; as games of Klondike Solitaire progress, longer stacks of cards are moved | Average (SD) | Number | ||||
aPlayer actions (PAs) 20 and 21 were not captured because the single-point-in-time setup would not allow a comparison of scores and win ratios with ranging difficulty over time. In addition, PA 9 was not tested because the current software would not allow for detection of these moves.
bPA: player action.