Table 2. Factors associated with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales spp. (n = 14,479) and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 3,512) in intensive care, Switzerland, 2009–2018 .
| Covariables | Sensitive | Resistant | Univariable | Multivariable | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Enterobacterales spp. | n = 13,884 | n = 595 | ||||||
| Year | ||||||||
| OR per year | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 1.13 (1.13–1.14) | < 0.001 | 1.12 (1.10–1.12) | < 0.001 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 15– <60 | 4,046 | 29 | 207 | 35 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 60–75 | 7,440 | 54 | 321 | 54 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.539 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.441 |
| > 75 | 2,398 | 17 | 67 | 11 | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.002 | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.006 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 5,284 | 38 | 189 | 32 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 8,600 | 62 | 406 | 68 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.001 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.838 |
| Sample localisation | ||||||||
| Blood culture | 1,294 | 9 | 47 | 8 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Respiratory sample | 6,854 | 49 | 349 | 59 | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.194 | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 0.146 |
| Urine | 3,360 | 24 | 60 | 10 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 2,376 | 17 | 139 | 23 | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 0.001 | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 0.001 |
| Region | ||||||||
| Eastern Switzerland | 7,577 | 55 | 407 | 68 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| South-western Switzerland | 6,307 | 45 | 188 | 32 | 1.1 (0.6–2.3) | 0.717 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 0.570 |
| University status | ||||||||
| Non-university hospital | 6,848 | 49 | 200 | 34 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| University hospital | 7,036 | 51 | 395 | 66 | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 0.834 | 0.9 (0.6–2.1) | 0.842 |
| Total antibiotic consumption | ||||||||
| DDD/100BD, median (IQR) | 98 | 87; 116 | 115 | 91; 142 | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.004 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | n = 2,521 | n = 991 | ||||||
| Year | ||||||||
| OR per year | Nd | Nd | Nd | Nd | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.502 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | < 0.001 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 15– <60 | 641 | 25 | 400 | 40 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 60–75 | 1,447 | 57 | 513 | 52 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | < 0.001 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | < 0.001 |
| > 75 | 433 | 17 | 78 | 8 | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | < 0.001 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 876 | 35 | 286 | 29 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 1,645 | 65 | 705 | 71 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.002 |
| Sample localisation | ||||||||
| Blood | 128 | 5 | 54 | 5 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Respiratory | 1,546 | 61 | 663 | 67 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.741 | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.812 |
| Urine | 471 | 19 | 87 | 9 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | < 0.001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 376 | 15 | 187 | 19 | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.384 | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.377 |
| Region | ||||||||
| Eastern Switzerland | 1,472 | 58 | 512 | 52 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| South-western Switzerland | 1,049 | 42 | 479 | 48 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 0.086 | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 0.057 |
| University status | ||||||||
| Non-university hospital | 1,193 | 47 | 355 | 36 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| University hospital | 1,328 | 53 | 636 | 64 | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | 0.060 | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 0.262 |
| Total antibiotic consumption | ||||||||
| DDD/100BD, median (IQR) | 98 | 86; 115 | 105 | 89; 125 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.205 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.083 |
CI: confidence interval; DDD/100BD: defined daily dose per 100 bed-days; IQR: interquartile range; Nd: not done; OR: odds ratio; Ref: reference group.
p values (mixed effects model) ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant (in bold).