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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 26.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Immunol. 2021 Feb 12;39:537–556. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101819-092536

Figure 3: Atypical signals induce IL-17 promoting cytokines IL-23, IL-1β and IL-6 at barrier surfaces.

Figure 3:

Cutaneous neurons detect Candida albicans hyphal invasion and release CGRP to promote dendritic cell production of IL-23. Both commensals and pathogens that activate type-17 responses preferentially activate dendritic cells through C-type lectin receptors including Mincle. Attaching-effacing commensal bacteria drive production of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A by gut epithelia to activate DC. IL-6 is produced by non-hematopoietic cells in response to mechanical stress such as chewing hard food, and to cytokines including IL-17 itself in a positive feedback loop, and damaged and dying cells release IL-1β. Figure adapted from image created with Biorender.com.