Table 2.
Native kidney biopsy outcomes of acute tubular injury and necrosis in coronavirus disease 2019 cases
|
Ref.
|
Age
|
Sex
|
Ethnicity
|
Comorbidities
|
Renal presentation
|
Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)
|
Presentation Creatinine (mg/dL)
|
Presentation proteinuria (g/day)
|
Presentation albumin (g/L)
|
Treatment received
|
Outcome (renal and survival)
|
RRT needed
|
Time to biopsy
|
Haematuria
|
| Sharma et al[14] | 62 | M | Hispanic | T2DM | AKI and proteinuria | - | 1.2 | 3 | - | Steroid, HCQ, anakinra, plasma | Died | Yes | - | Yes |
| Sharma et al[14] | 69 | M | Hispanic | HTN | AKI, proteinuria, anti-cardiolipin positive | - | 0.9 | 2.4 | - | Steroid, HCQ, anakinra, plasma | Died | Yes | - | Yes |
| Sharma et al[14] | 76 | F | Caucasian | T2DM, HTN | Severe AKI and Proteinuria | - | 1 (peak 4.4) | 0.9 | - | None | DI | No | - | No |
| Sharma et al[14] | 59 | M | Black | HTN, CCF | AKI, Proteinuria and raised K:L ratio | - | 4.5 (peak 6) | 2.8 | - | None | DI | No | - | Yes |
| Sharma et al[14] | 69 | F | Black | HTN, Hyperlipidaemia | AKI NRP | - | 1.9 | 7.6 | - | Steroids | DD | Yes | - | No |
| Kudose et al[13] | 43 | F | Black | T2DM, HLD, streptococcal infection, obesity (BMI 52.5) | AKI | - | 3.5 (peak 6.7) | 1 | - | None | DD | Yes | - | Yes |
| Kudose et al[13] | 67 | M | Caucasian | HTN, Gout, Obese | AKI on CKD | - | 5.7 | 0.3 | - | Tocilizumab, HCQ, azithromycin | DD | Yes | - | Yes |
| Kudose et al[13] | 51 | M | Black | HTN, AF, HLD, CVA, BPH | AKI on CKD | 1.8 | 4.8 | 0.5 | - | HCQ | DI | No | - | Yes |
| Akilesh et al[17] | 34 | F | Caucasian | HTN, T2DM | AKI NS | - | 1.2 | 7 | - | - | DI | No | Day 4 | No |
| Akilesh et al[17] | 67 | F | Hispanic | HTN | AKI | - | 1.4 | 1 | - | - | DI | No | Day 5 | Yes |
| Lenti et al[31] | 25 | M | Caucasian | - | AKI NS | - | 3.8 | 0.48 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rossi et al[32] | 49 | M | Caucasian | Obesity | AKI | - | - | - | - | HCQ, Lopinavir/Ritonavir | DI | Required when in hospital | - | - |
| Papadimitriou et al[33] | 52 | M | - | HIV, HTN, coronary artery disease, Factor V deficiency | AKI | Normal | 7.5 | 1.85 | - | - | DD | Yes | Day 10 | - |
| Papadimitriou et al[33] | 64 | M | - | AF, hyperlipidaemia, gout | AKI | 1 | 1.4 | - | - | I&V, IV heparin then apixaban (AF), 4 units blood following haematemesis, meropenem (E. coli in sputum), RRT day 22 to 33, MRSA > linezolid | DI | Yes | Day 84 | - |
AKI: Acute kidney injury; AF: Atrial fibrillation; BPH: Benign prostatic hypertrophy; CCF: Congestive cardiac failure; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident; DD: Dialysis dependent at hospital discharge; DI: Dialysis independent at hospital discharge; DSA: Donor specific antibodies; HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HLD: Hyperlipidaemia; HTN: Hypertension; I&V: Intubated and ventilated; K:L ratio: Kappa:lambda light chain ratio; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.