Table 2.

Survey of studies on the effect of endocrine disrupting chemical on host physiology and gut microbiome composition and function.

ED (Chemical group)	Type/Use	Model	Main effects on host physiology and endocrine disrupting activities	Effect on gut microbiome composition and function	Reference *
Bisphenol A (bisphenols, diphenyl methane derivatives)	Broad use in plastics and other anthropogenic materials	Female mice	Estrogenic effects on parents and offsprings	Changes of microbiota in the direction to female sex	Javurek et al. 2016 R
Bisphenol A (bisphenols)	See above	Mice	Classical endocrine disruptor affecting both male and female reproduction	Overabundance of Protobacteria similar as at high fat diet	Lai et al. 2016 R, V
Bisphenol A (bisphenols)	See above	Male zebrafish	Affects male reproduction as an environmental estrogen	Altered the intestinal microbial composition with the abundance of the phylum CKC4	Liu et al. 2016 R, E
Bisphenol A (bisphenols)	See above	Male and female dogs	Changes of hematological and plasma chemical parameters including cortisol levels	Negative correlation of relative abundant phyla Bacteroides and Flexispiraphyla with BTA levels; Increased plasma bicarbonate concentrations associated with fecal microbiota alterations	Koestel et al. 2017 R
Bisphenol A (bisphenols)	See above	Rabbit offsprings	Perinatal BPA exposure-induced intestinal (and liver) inflammation in offspring and increased gut permeability	Bacterial dysbiosis, especially reduction in the relative abundances of phyla Oscillospira and Ruminococcaceae producing short-chain fatty acids	Reddivari et al. 2017
Carbemazin (benzimidazol derivative)	Fungicide	Mice	Affects male fertility by destruction of testicles, inflammation, dyslipidemia	Reduction of GM richness and diversity. Relative abundance of Firmicutes, Protobacteria and Actinobacteria, decrease of Bacteriodetes	Jin et al. 2015 V
Chrysene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)	Environmental pollutants from soil and air	Day care children from urban areas	Endocrine signaling disruptors. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and adipocytokine signaling pathway decreased with higher PAH concentration in the air	Soil PAH contamination was associated with altered Actinobacteria, Bacteoridetes and Proteobacteria communities on children’s skin	Roslund et al. 2019
Diazinone (organophosphate) Triclosan and their mixture	Insecticide antibacterials used in personal health products	Male and female mice	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, neurotoxicity	Changes of the gut microbiome in a sex-specific manner, with stronger responses in male mice.	Gao et al. 2017 F, V
2,3,7,8-Dibenzofuran (Chlorinated dioxins and furans)	Ubiquitous persistent organic pollutant	Mice	Affects glycoregulation, hepatic lipogenesis, promotes inflammation	Dietary chlorinated dioxins and furans altered the gut microbiota by shifting the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes	Zhang et al. 2015 V
p, p′-dichloro-diphenyldichloro-ethylene, β-hexa-chlorocyclohexane	Organochlorine pesticides	Mice	Changes in bile acid composition due to expression of genes encoding for principle enzymes, reduced reabsorption and hydrophobicity	Increase of phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria but decrease of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria and Candidatus Saccharibacteria	Liu et al. 2017 F
Diethylphtalate Methylparaben Triclosan and their mixture	Plasticizers, conservants and antibacterials used in personal health products	Female rats	Broad effects on female as well as male reproduction, interaction with steroid hormone receptors	Relative increase of Bacteriodes phyla and decrease of Firmicutes following exposure to all these EDs	Hu et al. 2016 R
Doxycycline (tetracycline antibiotics)	Antibacterial and antiparasitic agent	Male mice	Affects male reproduction by mitochondrial disruption	Reduction of microbiota diversity and composition changes	Hou et al. 2019
Mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (phthalate group)	Broad use in plasticizers	Pubertal male mice	Disruption of lipid metabolism, cholesterol imbalance, obesogene	Shift in microbiota composition, relative abundance of Firmicutes and reduction of Verrucomicrobia	Wang et al. 2019
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)	Pesticide used as herbicide, insecticide and molluscicide	Gold fish	Increase of oxidative stress, liver damage and reduction of body weight	Increase of phyla Bacteroidetes, Bacteriodes, decrease of Firmicutes, Chrysobacterium, Microbacterium, Legionella, Anthrobacter	Kan et al. 2015 F

^*Some of these studies were also reviewed in the cited reviews.

E – Evariste et al. 2019, F – Feng et al. 2018, R – Rosenfeld 2017, V – Velmurugan et al. 2017.