Table 2.
Nucleic acid biomarkers in exosome for tumor diagnosis
| Tumor category | Nucleic acid markers in exosome | Change in tumorigenesis |
|---|---|---|
| Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. | dsDNA with RET, VHL, HIF2A, and SDHB mutations [42] | mutation |
| Pancreatic cancer | miR-1246, miR-4644, miR-3976 and miR-4306 [43] | up-regulation |
| miR-17-5p and miR-21 [44] | up-regulation | |
| circ-IARS (RNA) [45] | up-regulation | |
| Lung cancer | miR-378a, miR-379, miR-139-5p, and miR-200b-5p [46] | up-regulation |
| let-7 g-5p, mir-24-3p, mir-223-3p [47] | up-regulation | |
| mir-7-5p, mir-424-5p [47] | up-regulation (exosome in bronchoalveolar lavage) | |
| Primary central nervous system lymphoma | miR-21 [48] | up-regulation |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | RNU6–1 (noncoding RNA), miR-320, miR-574-3p [49] | up-regulation |
| Endometrial cancer (EC) | hsa-miR-200c-3p [50] | up-regulation (exosome in urine) |
| Cervical squamous cell carcinoma | miR-221-3p [51] | up-regulation |
| Bladder cancer | lncRNA (MALAT1, PCAT-1 and SPRY4-IT1) [52] | up-regulation (exosome in urine) |
| lncRNA PTENP1 [53] | down-regulation | |
| Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder | Circ RNA circPRMT5 [54] | up-regulation |
| Gastric cancer | circ-KIAA1244 [55] | down-regulation |
| LncRNA HOTTIP [56] | up-regulation | |
| Colorectal carcinoma | LncRNA UCA1 [57] | down-regulation |
| miR-6803-5p [58] | up-regulation | |
| Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) | RET, VHL, HIF2A, and SDHB [42] | mutations |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | mir-21 and mir-144 [59] | up-regulation |
| LINC00161 [60] | up-regulation | |
| mRNA hnRNPH1 [61] | up-regulation | |
| (HCV-related) | lncRNA-HEIH [62] | up-regulation |
| Female patients | lncRNA Jpx [63] | up-regulation |
| Liver cancer | tRNA-ValTAC-3, tRNA-GlyTCC-5, tRNA-ValAAC-5 and tRNA-GluCTC-5 [41] | up-regulation |