TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants randomized to PGET and NPGET
| Participant characteristic |
PGET a (n = 117) |
NPGET a (n = 116) | p value b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male) | 39 (33.33) | 36 (31.03) | 0.814 |
| Age {years [mean (SD)]} | 0.4903 | ||
| <20 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| 20–29 | 96 (82.05) | 99 (85.34) | |
| 30–39 | 18 (15.38) | 15 (12.93) | |
| >40 | 3 (2.56) | 2 (1.72) | |
| Current GPA | 0.9376 | ||
| <2.5 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| 2.5–2.9 | 2 (1.71) | 4 (3.45) | |
| 3.0–3.5 | 51 (43.59) | 47 (40.52) | |
| 3.6–4.0 | 64 (54.7) | 65 (56.03) | |
| Pre‐pharmacy education | 0.5419 | ||
| Prerequisites | 45 (38.46) | 41 (35.34) | |
| B.A. Degree | 3 (2.56) | 9 (7.76) | |
| B.S. Degree | 65 (55.56) | 54 (46.55) | |
| Master’s Degree | 3 (2.56) | 8 (6.9) | |
| Doctorate | 1 (0.85) | 4 (3.45) | |
| Genetics experience | 0.9446 | ||
| None | 24 (20.51) | 26 (22.41) | |
| Prerequisites | 65 (55.56) | 61 (52.59) | |
| Genetics Course | 21 (17.95) | 17 (14.66) | |
| >1 Course | 7 (5.98) | 10 (8.62) | |
| Major/degree focus | 0 (0) | 2 (1.72) | |
| Personal experience with genotyping | 16 (13.68) | 20 (17.24) | 0.5675 |
| Campus location | 0.7414 | ||
| Tucson | 97 (82.91) | 99 (85.34) | |
| Phoenix | 20 (17.09) | 17 (14.66) | |
| Genotyping method | 0.23189 | ||
| Althea (2017) | 31 (26.5) | 20 (17.24) | |
| In‐house (2018) | 21 (17.95) | 23 (19.83) | |
| OneOme (2019, 2020) | 65 (55.56) | 73 (62.93) | |
| Actionable Variant c | 61 (52.14) | 57 (49.14) | 0.9493 |
Abbreviations: GPA, grade point average; NGET, no personal genomic educational testing; PGET, personal genomic educational testing; PGx, pharmacogenetics.
Values are reported as number (percentage) unless otherwise noted.
Student’s t‐test was used to compare continuous variables, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used to compare ordinal variables, and χ2 test was used to compare nominal variables between PGET (n = 117) and NPGET groups (n = 116).
Clinically actionable PGx genotypes were determined based on Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines and constituted any diplotype or genotype with a strong therapeutic recommendation for a change in therapy (e.g., drug avoidance, dose adjustment, or drug substitution). Therapeutic recommendations that were optional or moderate or recommended no change in drug therapy were not considered actionable. Therapeutic recommendations from CPIC guidelines that were present for a variant regardless of genotype (e.g., any VKORC1 genotype influencing warfarin treatment) were also excluded.