Table 1.
HERVs expression in tumors.
| Tumor type | HERVs Detected | HERVs-Products/Oncogenic Mechanisms |
|---|---|---|
| Breast | HERV-K (HML-2) | Env induces EMT and activates the ERK pathway [61] |
| Env [81], [111] | ||
| Env splice variants [112] | ||
| Reverse Transcriptase [113] | ||
| HERV-H | Env [111] | |
| LTR7, etc. contribute to lncRNA linc-ROR [75] | ||
| HERV-R | Env [111] | |
| HERV-P | Env [111] | |
| ERVW-1/syncytin-1 | Syncytin-1-mediated cancer-endothelial cell fusions [60] | |
| ERVMER34-1/HEMO | Env [114] | |
| Cervical | HERV-H | LTR as alternative promoter for GSDML[115], [116] |
| Colon | HERV-H | Non-coding spliced transcripts [117] |
| More active HERV-H loci [117] | ||
| HERV-H is associated with the microsatellite and nodal status [118] | ||
| Head and Neck | HERV-H | Transcripts [83] |
| Hepatocellular | HERV-K (HML-2) | Transcripts [119] |
| HERV-H | LTR7, etc. contribute to lncRNA linc-ROR [77] | |
| ERV-9 | LTR12C contributes to lncRNA PRLH1 [120] | |
| Kidney | HERV-E | Env [84] |
| HERV-H | HHLA2 in tumor immune suppression [121] | |
| Leukemia | HERV-K (HML-2) | Np9 as a critical molecular switch of multiple signaling pathways [70] |
| Lung | HERV-R | Env [122], [123] |
| HERV-P | Env [123] | |
| HERV-H | Env [123] | |
| HERV-K (HML-2) | Env [123] | |
| Novel insertion polymorphisms [124] | ||
| Lymphoma | HERV-K (HML-2) | Env [125] |
| Gag [126] | ||
| Transcripts [127] | ||
| HERV-W | Transcripts [127] | |
| MaLR | LTR as alternative promoter for CSF1R[54] | |
| Melanoma | HERV-K (HML-2) | Env-mediated intercellular fusion [58] |
| Rec [128] | ||
| Virus-like particles [129] | ||
| anti-HERV-K antibodies in patient [129] | ||
| Maintaining CD133+ melanoma cells with stemness features [130] | ||
| Ovarian | ERV3 | Env [131] |
| HERV-K (HML-2) | Env [131] | |
| Gag [132] | ||
| Hypomethylation [133] | ||
| HERV-W | Transcripts [134] | |
| HERV-E | Env [131] | |
| ERVMER34-1/HEMO | Env [114] | |
| Pancreatic | HERV-K (HML-2) | Env [62] |
| Reverse transcriptase [62] | ||
| Virus-like particles [62] | ||
| anti-HERV-K antibodies in patient [62] | ||
| HERV-H | LTR7, etc. contribute to lncRNA linc-ROR [76] | |
| Prostate | HERV-K (HML-2) | Env [82] |
| Gag [82] | ||
| Transcripts [135] | ||
| HERV-E | Env [136] | |
| ERV3 | Env [136] | |
| Sarcoma | HERV-K (HML-2) | Transcripts [137] |
| HERV-F | Transcripts [137] | |
| Seminoma | ERVW-1/syncytin-1 | Env [138] |
| HERV-K (HML-2) | HERV-K-specific T cells in patients [139] | |
| Teratocarcinoma | HERV-K (HML-2) | Virus-like particles [140] |
| Np9 [141] | ||
| Urothelial | HERV-K (HML-2) | Hypomethylation [142] |
| HERV-H | LTR7Y and HERV-H contribute to lncRNA UCA1 [72] | |
| HHLA2 in tumor immune suppression [143] | ||
| HERV-E | Modulating PLA2G4A transcription [144] | |
| ERVW-1/Syncytin-1 | Env [145] |