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. 2021 Sep 14;27(11):1990–2001. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01507-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Longitudinal study design, vaccine administration scheme and time points collected after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination for healthy controls and patients with MS treated with aCD20. b,c, Anti-spike IgG (b) and anti-RBD IgG (c) for all time points collected (T1–T5) were measured in healthy controls and patients with MS treated with aCD20. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired, two-tailed, nonparametric Wilcoxon test. The bar plots represent the mean ± s.e.m. d, Top: Frequency of CD19⁺ B cells as a percentage of total lymphocytes in healthy controls and patients with MS treated with aCD20. Bottom: Correlation between the frequency of total CD19⁺ B cells and weeks since last aCD20 infusion. Correlations were calculated using nonparametric Spearman rank correlation. e, Correlations between the frequency of baseline (T1) percentage of B cells of all lymphocytes and levels of anti-spike IgG or anti-RBD IgG at T4 (left) and T5 (right) after vaccination. Only patients with MS treated with aCD20 were considered for the correlations, with healthy controls as a visual reference. Associations were calculated using Spearman rank correlation and are shown with Pearson trend lines for visualization. f,g, Frequency of spike⁺ (f) and spike⁺RBD⁺ (g) memory B cells over time in vaccinated individuals. Data are represented as the frequency of antigen-specific cells in the total lymphocyte compartment (left: individual points, log scale; right, mean with 95% CIs, linear scale). h,i, Correlation between the frequency of spike⁺ (h) and spike⁺RBD⁺ (i) memory B cells and weeks since last infusion of aCD20. Correlations were calculated using nonparametric Spearman rank correlation. Gray, healthy controls (n = 10); orange: patients with MS treated with aCD20 (n = 20).