Figure 5.

De novo sphingolipid synthesis is higher in M2 relative to M1 macrophages.A–H, M1 and M2 BMDMs were treated with d₃-palmitic acid for 4 h and enrichment within individual sphingolipid species was determined by MS lipidomics. Data was analyzed by unpaired t test with exact p values indicated. I–P, M1 and M2 BMDMs were treated for 4 h with 200 μM palmitic acid (Pal) or vehicle control (BSA) and samples analyzed by MS lipidomics to determine the levels of individual sphingolipid species. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD test was used to determine statistically significant differences. ∗∗∗ and ∗∗∗∗ indicate significant differences between pairwise comparisons of the indicated groups at the following significance level: p < 0.001 and p < 0.00001, respectively. $$$ and $$$$ indicate a significant difference (main effect) between palmitate and BSA-treated BMDM at the following significance level: p < 0.0001 and p < 0.00001. # and #### indicate a significant difference (main effect) between M1 and M2 BMDM at the following significance level: p < 0.05 and p < 0.00001. Data are shown as mean ± S.D. (error bars) as well as with individual data points from each biological replicate.