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. 2021 Aug 10;48(6):861–871. doi: 10.1007/s10928-021-09776-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Computational speed improvement. Simulation time differences between the original/full (red) and reduced/minimal (blue) PBPK models. Simulations were performed for 5 doses over 1000 h for each species, using a solver step size of 0.01 h. The differential equation solver used was ode15s using a relative and absolute tolerance of 2.3E−14 and 1E−22, respectively. Each bar represents the average simulation time across four simulations, one simulation per species. Processor: Intel i7-8700K CPU @ 3.70 GHz (Color figure online)