Table 2.
Societal and economic burden of COPD patients and their caregivers.
| Direct cost | |
| Personnel cost | $52.77 (24.49) |
| Pharmacy cost | $370.80 (216.5) |
| Procedure’s cost | $13.30 (7.4) |
| X-ray cost | $6.80 (2.05) |
| Spirometry cost | $4.58 (2.61) |
| Laboratory cost | $14.18 (3.03) |
| Inpatient cost | $103.09 (58.59) |
| Othersa | $16.42 (10.34) |
| Direct non-medical cost | $8.57 (3.71) |
| Total direct cost | US$586.78 |
| Caregiving cost | |
| Informal caregiver costb | $347.63 (157.38) |
| Professional caregiver costc | $1001.96 (337.42) |
| Total caregiving cost | US$1349.59 |
| Indirect cost | |
| COPD patients | $1699.76 (627.26) |
| Caregivers | $217.92(87.72) |
| Total indirect cost | US$1917.68 |
All costs in US$ (United States dollar); 1US$ = 4.13MYR on September 18, 2019; mean (standard deviation); COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
aOthers, (cleaning, electricity, communication, building maintenance, and depreciation cost).
b64.66% of COPD patients were depending on informal caregivers.
c7.1% of COPD patients utilised professional healthcare services at home.