Table 3.

Indirect cost of patients and their attendants.

	COPD patients	COPD caregivers	p value
Currently employed	12 (80.67%)	113 (88.97%)	0.42
Absenteeism %a	26.37% (7.12)	4.17%	< 0.01
Absenteeism due to other reasons	5.46% (1.86)	11.34%(4.28)	< 0.01
Presenteeism %	31.87% (9.98)	7.19% (2.1)	< 0.01
Activity impairment %b	27.42% (6.59)	21.63% (8.5)	0.17

All results displayed as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise stated; absenteeism, work time lost due to COPD or taking care of COPD patient; activity impairment, restriction in daily activities; presenteeism, reduced productivity while at work due to COPD or taking care of COPD patients.

^aAbsenteeism % was calculated by dividing missing hours with total working hours.

^bFor caregivers activity limitation was considered as social activity limitation due to taking care of COPD patient.