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. 2021 Nov 19;12:6754. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27049-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The two panels present the hazard ratios of a dementia (n = 12,233,371 individuals examined) or b Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 12,456,447 individuals examined) associated with per IQR increase in annual PM_2.5, or annual NO₂, or warm-season O₃ concentration, respectively. The estimated hazard ratios were obtained using single pollutant, bi-pollutant, and tri-pollutant models. Error bars stand for the 95% confidence intervals. The gray and white stripes are used to distinguish any two adjacent models. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.