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. 2021 Nov 19;12:6754. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27049-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a presents the probability distribution functions (PDF) of long-term PM_2.5, NO₂, and O₃ exposures; Panel b presents the concentration–response relationships between each pollutant and dementia; Panel c presents the concentration-response relationships between each pollutant and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The concentration–response curves, derived from the tri-pollutant models, are shown for the concentration ranges between 0.5th to 99.5th percentiles of the pollutants, i.e. with 1% poorly constrained extreme values excluded. Shading areas (from the darkest to the lightest) in a represent pollutant concentration ranges of the IQR (i.e., 25th to 75th percentiles), 95% (2.5th to 97.5th), and 99% (0.5th to 99.5th), respectively. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.