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. 2021 Nov 19;12:6754. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27049-2

Fig. 4. Effect modifications by sex, race, Medicaid eligibility, age, and population density.

Fig. 4

Results represent the hazard ratios of dementia (n = 12,233,371 individuals examined) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 12,456,447 individuals examined), from the tri-pollutant models, per IQR increase in 5-year average PM2.5, NO2, or O3. Error bars stand for the 95% confidence intervals. The blue dashed lines indicate the overall effect estimates for all groups. “Other” includes Asian, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and unknown. “Density Q1–Q4” denotes quartiles of population density, i.e., low population density, low-medium population density, medium-high population density, and high population density. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.