Table 1.
ANOVA results for kinetic, spatio-temporal, kinematic, gastrocnemius medialis fascicle and series elastic element parameters while participants ran at 125% PTS at 1 g and simulated Martian and Lunar gravity.
| Outcomes | 1 g | 0.32 g | 0.15 g | Test statistic | P | f(U) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| Peak plantar force [N] | 1612.3 | 348.3 | 616.0 | 159.7 | 315.7 | 154.1 | F(1.1, 7.8) = 199.6 | < 0.0001 | 5.3 |
| Ground contact time [s] | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.08 | F(1.3, 8.8) = 39.7 | < 0.0001 | 2.4 |
| Gait cycle duration [s] | 0.72 | 0.05 | 0.97 | 0.08 | 1.18 | 0.18 | F(1.3, 9.3) = 48.3 | < 0.0001 | 2.6 |
| Cadence [steps min−1] | 83.3 | 5.9 | 62.3 | 4.9 | 52.0 | 7.4 | F(1.8, 12.8) = 117.8 | < 0.0001 | 4.1 |
| Stride length [m] | 1.9 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.3) | χ2(2) = 6.8 | 0.0375 | 0.7 | |||
| Ankle joint angle at peak SEE length [°] | 15.2 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 1.5 | 3.8 | F(1.6, 10.9) = 47.5 | < 0.0001 | 2.6 |
| Knee joint angle at peak SEE length [°] | 31.9 | 6.3 | 24.6 | 5.5 | 18.1 | 3.7 | F(1.5, 10.2) = 23.2 | 0.0003 | 1.8 |
| Fascicle length at peak SEE length [mm] | 40.3 | 5.8 | 45.7 | 5.8 | 48.5 | 5.8 | F(1.2, 8.2) = 32.7 | 0.0003 | 2.2 |
| Pennation angle at peak SEE length [°] | 31.2 | 5.8 | 27.5 | 3.6 | 26.0 | 3.4 | F(1.4, 9.8) = 20.8 | 0.0006 | 1.7 |
| Fascicle velocity at peak SEE length [mm s−1] | − 49.0 (18.2) | − 72.8 (33.8) | − 52.6 (24.4) | χ2(2) = 12.0 | 0.0011 | ||||
| Peak SEE length [mm] | 425.5 | 20.8 | 414.3 | 20.5 | 407.8 | 21.3 | F(1.4, 9.8) = 47.0 | < 0.0001 | 2.6 |
| Time of peak SEE length [% Stance] | 52.0 (11.8) | 53.5 (7.8) | 54.5 (5.3) | χ2(2) = 0.8 | 0.7147 | ||||
| MTU length at peak SEE length [mm] | 460.1 | 20.5 | 454.9 | 20.2 | 451.4 | 20.0 | F(1.6, 11.2) = 32.7 | < 0.0001 | 2.2 |
| MTU elongation [mm] | 13.0 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 2.6 | F(1.5, 10.2) = 39.6 | < .0.0001 | 2.4 |
| Fascicle shortening (during SEE elongation) [mm] | 13.3 | 3.3 | 12.0 | 2.9 | 8.9 | 3.4 | F(2.0, 13.9) = 17.5 | 0.0002 | 1.6 |
| Delta pennation angle (during SEE elongation) [°] | 8.1 | 3.2 | 5.8 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 1.4 | F(1.4, 9.7) = 16.7 | 0.0014 | 1.5 |
| Average fascicle velocity (during SEE elongation) [mm s-1] | − 97.0 | 20.8 | − 64.6 | 13.5 | − 44.7 | 12.0 | F(1.7, 12.0) = 75.9 | < 0.0001 | 3.3 |
PTS preferred walk-to-run transition speed, M mean, SD standard deviation, P result of the ANOVA (F-statistic) or Friedman test (χ2) indicating a significant effect of g-level (α set to 0.05), f(U) effect size ANOVA; Results of the Friedman test are presented as medians (interquartile ranges). Peak SEE length at 1 g, simulated 0.32 g (Mars), and 0.15 g (Moon) occurred at 52% ± 8%, 54% ± 4% and 53% ± 5% of stance, respectively. Mean and standard deviation for ground contact time, cadence, and joint angles for the 1 g condition have been previously published by Richter et al. 19. n = 8.