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. 2021 Nov 19;11:22628. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01517-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Causal architecture of ADHD. Causal architecture plots illustrating results from the phenome-wide analysis. Each dot represents a trait with genetic overlap with ADHD. The x-axis shows the GCP estimate, and the y-axis shows the genetic causal proportion (GCP) absolute Z-score (as a measure of statistical significance). The red dashed lines represent the statistical significance threshold (FDR < 5%). The division for traits causally influencing ADHD (on the left) and traits causally influenced by ADHD (on the right) is represented by the grey dashed lines. Results are shown separately for traits with a positive genetic correlation with ADHD (a) and a negative genetic correlation with ADHD (b). A GCP = 0 indicates that horizontal pleiotropic effects mediate the genetic correlation (i.e., provides no evidence for genetic causality between the phenotypes), whereas a |GCP| = 1 represents full genetic causality. A |GCP| < 0.60 represents limited partial genetic causality. A detailed description of how to interpret these plots is available in previous studies^46,47.