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. 2021 Nov 19;11:22619. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02112-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Experimental setup for measuring the transmission of laser light in water and the refractive index changes. The laser spot shape was measured in front of the water vessel via a beam monitor, while the transmitted power was determined with a power meter. For imaging the transmitted intensity distribution, the power meter was replaced by an aluminium plate as scattering screen (tilted by 45 $^{\circ}$ to the laser direction) and was imaged with a camera. The temperature increase in the water was detected with a thermocouple. The wavefront distortion was measured with a custom-made Hartmann-mask detector consisting of a LED-lamp, a rectangular spot pattern screen (b) and a camera imaging the spot pattern.