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. 2021 Nov 19;11:22619. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02112-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Output power as power in the bucket (aperture diameter 30 mm) after a water column of 10.1 cm with different laser spot sizes and input powers. For large spot sizes and low input powers, the power in the bucket is constant with time while it varies strongly for small spot sizes and high input powers. The latter arise from thermal lensing and thermal blooming.