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. 2021 Nov 14;4:100135. doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100135

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Potential association of Helicobacter pylori and autoimmune diseases. H. pylori stimulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and may generate immune complexes since it increases the production of INF-γ. These mechanisms may cause loss of cell tolerance and the generation of autoantibodies, such as anti-single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA).