Table 1.
Participant characteristics at the UK Biobank assessment.
| Characteristic | No pain(n = 197,098) | Chronic pain(n = 187,269) | Total sample(n = 384,367) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of pain site | |||
| One | NA | 112,227 (59.9) | 112,227 (29.2) |
| Two | NA | 49,126 (26.2) | 49,126 (12.8) |
| Three | NA | 19,107 (10.2) | 19,107 (5.0) |
| Four | NA | 6809 (3.6) | 6809 (1.8) |
| Pain type | |||
| Neck or shoulder pain only | NA | 31,331 (16.7) | 31,331 (8.2) |
| Back pain only | NA | 33,731 (18.0) | 33,731 (8.8) |
| Hip pain only | NA | 10,163 (5.4) | 10,163 (2.6) |
| Knee pain only | NA | 37,002 (19.8) | 37,002 (9.6) |
| Mixed | NA | 75,042 (40.1) | 75,042 (19.5) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 188,601 (95.7) | 175,872 (93.9) | 364,473 (94.8) |
| Black | 2286 (1.2) | 3221 (1.7) | 5507 (1.4) |
| Asian | 2707 (1.4) | 4009 (2.1) | 6716 (1.7) |
| Mixed | 965 (0.5) | 1169 (0.6) | 2134 (0.6) |
| Other | 2539 (1.3) | 2998 (1.6) | 5537 (1.4) |
| Age | 56.7 (8.1) | 57.2 (7.9) | 57.0 (8.0) |
| Male | 93,471 (47.4) | 82,484 (44.1) | 175,955 (45.8) |
| Townsend deprivation index, mean (SD) | −1.6 (2.9) | −1.1 (3.2) | −1.3 (3.1) |
| Missing | 218 (0.1) | 256 (0.1) | 474 (0.1) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 26.7 (4.3) | 28.3 (5.1) | 27.5 (4.8) |
| Missing | 781 (0.4) | 1163 (0.6) | 1944 (0.5) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current | 17,401 (8.8) | 22,776 (12.2) | 40,177 (10.5) |
| Previous | 65,866 (33.4) | 69,266 (37.0) | 135,132 (35.2) |
| Never | 113,239 (57.5) | 94,421 (50.4) | 207,660 (54.0) |
| Missing | 592 (0.3) | 806 (0.4) | 1398 (0.4) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Daily or almost daily | 44,251 (22.5) | 36,389 (19.4) | 80,640 (21.0) |
| 3–4 times a week | 49,641 (25.2) | 40,085 (21.4) | 89,726 (23.3) |
| 1–2 times a week | 51,366 (26.1) | 47,088 (25.1) | 98,454 (25.6) |
| Unregular or never | 51,725 (26.2) | 63,517 (33.9) | 115,242 (30.0) |
| Missing | 115 (0.06) | 190 (0.1) | 305 (0.08) |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 27,662 (14.0) | 30,101 (16.1) | 57,763 (15.0) |
| Moderate | 66,768 (33.9) | 58,845 (31.4) | 125,613 (32.7) |
| High | 67,628 (34.3) | 58,021 (31.0) | 125,649 (32.7) |
| Missing | 35,040 (17.8) | 40,302 (21.5) | 75,342 (19.6) |
| Opioid use | 1771 (0.9) | 18,811 (10.0) | 20,582 (5.4) |
| Mental Wellbeing | |||
| Depression | 10,990 (5.6) | 14,183 (7.6) | 25,173 (6.5) |
| Anxiety | 7417 (3.8) | 9093 (4.9) | 16,510 (4.3) |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Diabetes | 8599 (4.4) | 12,044 (6.4) | 20,643 (5.4) |
| Missing | 324 (0.2) | 673 (0.4) | 997 (0.3) |
| Cancer | 14,815 (7.5) | 15,279 (8.2) | 30,094 (7.8) |
| Missing | 397 (0.2) | 741 (0.4) | 1138 (0.3) |
| Cardiovascular diseasea | |||
| One | 47,047 (23.9) | 55,778 (29.8) | 102,825 (26.8) |
| Two | 3811 (1.9) | 7025 (3.8) | 10,836 (2.8) |
| Three | 778 (0.4) | 1951 (1.0) | 2729 (0.7) |
| Four | 57 (0.0) | 224 (0.1) | 281 (0.1) |
Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated. For opioid use, depression and anxiety, participants who did not report them were treated as no use or no disease. For cardiovascular disease, we treated missing data as no disease to facilitate the calculation of the number of cardiovascular disease. We think it is fine because the percentage of missing data in the question - vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor (Data-Field 6150) is tiny (<0.3%).
a
Four types of cardiovascular disease were included: heart attack, angina, stroke, high blood pressure.