Table 2.
Hazard Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) for mortality according to pain type.
| Cause of death | No pain(n = 197,098) | Neck or shoulder pain only (n = 31,331) | Back pain only(n = 33,731) | Hip pain only(n = 10,163) | Knee pain only(n = 37,002) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cause | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 19,441) | 11,877 | 1957 | 2305 | 769 | 2533 |
| Risk of death,% | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 6.8 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.14 (1.09, 1.19) | 1.25 (1.16, 1.34) | 1.14 (1.10, 1.19) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 1.17 (1.11, 1.22) | 1.15 (1.07, 1.24) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.08) |
| Cancer | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 10,363) | 6502 | 1000 | 1172 | 388 | 1301 |
| Risk of death,% | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.5 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.16 (1.05, 1.29) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) |
| Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 196) | 109 | 34 | 26 | 8 | 19 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.05 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.95 (1.33, 2.86) | 1.39 (0.91, 2.14) | 1.44 (0.70, 2.94) | 0.94 (0.58, 1.52) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.99 (1.35, 2.93) | 1.34 (0.87, 2.05) | 1.39 (0.68, 2.86) | 0.81 (0.50, 1.33) |
| Mental and behavioural disorder | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 410) | 239 | 40 | 62 | 13 | 56 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.45) | 1.51 (1.14, 2.00) | 1.06 (0.61, 1.86) | 1.26 (0.94, 1.69) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.09 (0.78, 1.52) | 1.58 (1.19, 2.09) | 0.92 (0.52, 1.61) | 1.09 (0.81, 1.46) |
| Nervous system disease | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 1048) | 649 | 110 | 120 | 42 | 127 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | 1.26 (0.93, 1.73) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.11 (0.91, 1.36) | 1.16 (0.95, 1.40) | 1.12 (0.82, 1.54) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 3728) | 2245 | 377 | 436 | 163 | 507 |
| Risk of death,% | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.26) | 1.42 (1.21, 1.66) | 1.21 (1.10, 1.33) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.25) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.28) | 1.35 (1.15, 1.58) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.17) |
| Respiratory system disease | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 1290) | 720 | 151 | 183 | 67 | 169 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.31 (1.10, 1.56) | 1.49 (1.26, 1.75) | 1.82 (1.42, 2.34) | 1.26 (1.06, 1.49) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.35 (1.13, 1.61) | 1.49 (1.26, 1.75) | 1.63 (1.27, 2.10) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.28) |
| Digestive system disease | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 674) | 382 | 74 | 84 | 21 | 113 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.21 (0.94, 1.55) | 1.29 (1.02, 1.63) | 1.07 (0.69, 1.66) | 1.59 (1.29, 1.96) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.26 (0.98, 1.62) | 1.28 (1.01, 1.62) | 1.03 (0.67, 1.60) | 1.42 (1.15, 1.76) |
| Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue disease | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 64) | 34 | 7 | 11 | 1 | 11 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.28 (0.57, 2.89) | 1.89 (0.96, 3.73) | 0.57 (0.08, 4.19) | 1.73 (0.88, 3.42) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.30 (0.57, 2.93) | 1.89 (0.95, 3.74) | 0.52 (0.07, 3.79) | 1.55 (0.79, 3.07) |
| Genitourinary system disease | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 109) | 62 | 14 | 14 | 4 | 15 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.41 (0.79, 2.52) | 1.32 (0.74, 2.36) | 1.26 (0.46, 3.46) | 1.30 (0.74, 2.28) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.39 (0.78, 2.49) | 1.33 (0.74, 2.38) | 1.09 (0.40, 3.01) | 1.03 (0.58, 1.85) |
| Falls | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 138) | 88 | 10 | 21 | 3 | 16 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 0.71 (0.37, 1.37) | 1.40 (0.87, 2.25) | 0.66 (0.21, 2.10) | 0.97 (0.57, 1.66) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 0.73 (0.38, 1.41) | 1.41 (0.87, 2.27) | 0.60 (0.19, 1.90) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.43) |
| Suicide | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 155) | 103 | 14 | 19 | 4 | 15 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 0.85 (0.49, 1.49) | 1.08 (0.66, 1.76) | 0.76 (0.28, 2.05) | 0.78 (0.45, 1.34) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 0.90 (0.51, 1.57) | 1.00 (0.61, 1.63) | 0.87 (0.32, 2.36) | 0.77 (0.45, 1.32) |
| Other | |||||
| No of deaths (n = 1257) | 744 | 126 | 157 | 46 | 184 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) | 1.23 (1.04, 1.46) | 1.21 (0.90, 1.63) | 1.33 (1.13, 1.56) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.30) | 1.21 (1.02, 1.44) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.54) | 1.18 (1.00, 1.39) |
a
Adjusted for age, sex, townsend deprivation index and ethnicity.