Table 3.
Hazard Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) for mortality according to number of pain sites.
| Cause of death | No pain(n = 197,098) | One(n = 112,227) | Two(n = 49,126) | Three(n = 19,107) | Four(n = 6809) | Trend analysis(n = 384,367) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cause | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 25,917) | 11,877 | 7555 | 3949 | 1847 | 689 | 25,917 |
| Risk of death,% | 6.0 | 6.7 | 8.0 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 6.7 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.12 (1.09, 1.15) | 1.34 (1.29, 1.39) | 1.62 (1.54, 1.70) | 1.69 (1.57, 1.83) | 1.16 (1.15, 1.17) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.09 (1.06, 1.12) | 1.25 (1.21, 1.30) | 1.43 (1.36, 1.51) | 1.46 (1.35, 1.57) | 1.12 (1.10, 1.13) |
| Cancer | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 13,488) | 6502 | 3861 | 1975 | 859 | 291 | 13,488 |
| Risk of death,% | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 3.5 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 1.22 (1.16, 1.29) | 1.38 (1.28, 1.48) | 1.31 (1.16, 1.47) | 1.10 (1.08, 1.11) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.15 (1.10, 1.21) | 1.24 (1.15, 1.33) | 1.15 (1.03, 1.30) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) |
| Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 295) | 109 | 87 | 51 | 37 | 11 | 295 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.08 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.40 (1.06, 1.86) | 1.89 (1.36, 2.64) | 3.55 (2.44, 5.15) | 2.96 (1.59, 5.50) | 1.42 (1.28, 1.56) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.32 (1.00, 1.75) | 1.69 (1.21, 2.36) | 2.91 (2.00, 4.27) | 2.29 (1.23, 4.28) | 1.33 (1.21, 1.47) |
| Mental and behavioural disorder | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 543) | 239 | 171 | 77 | 43 | 13 | 543 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.26 (1.03, 1.53) | 1.30 (1.00, 1.68) | 1.87 (1.35, 2.59) | 1.59 (0.91, 2.77) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.27) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.21 (0.99, 1.47) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.52) | 1.60 (1.16, 2.22) | 1.35 (0.77, 2.36) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.21) |
| Nervous system disease | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 1388) | 649 | 399 | 202 | 102 | 36 | 1388 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.22) | 1.25 (1.07, 1.47) | 1.64 (1.33, 2.02) | 1.62 (1.16, 2.26) | 1.14 (1.09, 1.20) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.22) | 1.20 (1.02, 1.40) | 1.51 (1.23, 1.87) | 1.50 (1.07, 2.10) | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 5021) | 2245 | 1483 | 785 | 353 | 155 | 5021 |
| Risk of death,% | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 1.3 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) | 1.41 (1.30, 1.53) | 1.64 (1.46, 1.83) | 2.01 (1.71, 2.37) | 1.19 (1.15, 1.22) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.20) | 1.31 (1.21, 1.43) | 1.45 (1.29, 1.62) | 1.73 (1.47, 2.04) | 1.14 (1.11, 1.17) |
| Respiratory system disease | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 1855) | 720 | 570 | 313 | 173 | 79 | 1855 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.39 (1.25, 1.55) | 1.75 (1.54, 2.00) | 2.51 (2.12, 2.96) | 3.21 (2.54, 4.05) | 1.34 (1.29, 1.40) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.32 (1.18, 1.48) | 1.57 (1.37, 1.79) | 2.07 (1.75, 2.44) | 2.50 (1.98, 3.16) | 1.26 (1.21, 1.31) |
| Digestive system disease | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 967) | 382 | 292 | 177 | 84 | 32 | 967 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.34 (1.15, 1.56) | 1.87 (1.56, 2.23) | 2.29 (1.81, 2.90) | 2.45 (1.71, 3.51) | 1.31 (1.24, 1.38) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.29 (1.11, 1.51) | 1.73 (1.44, 2.06) | 1.98 (1.56, 2.51) | 1.97 (1.37, 2.85) | 1.25 (1.18, 1.32) |
| Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue disease | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 94) | 34 | 30 | 17 | 11 | 2 | 94 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.55 (0.95, 2.53) | 2.01 (1.12, 3.60) | 3.36 (1.70, 6.64) | 1.71 (0.41, 7.13) | 1.36 (1.14, 1.62) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.50 (0.92, 2.46) | 1.84 (1.03, 3.31) | 2.90 (1.46, 5.75) | 1.42 (0.34, 5.92) | 1.30 (1.09, 1.55) |
| Genitourinary system disease | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 159) | 62 | 47 | 27 | 17 | 6 | 159 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.33 (0.91, 1.95) | 1.76 (1.12, 2.76) | 2.86 (1.67, 4.89) | 2.83 (1.22, 6.54) | 1.35 (1.18, 1.55) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.79) | 1.51 (0.96, 2.38) | 2.24 (1.30, 3.84) | 2.08 (0.89, 4.82) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.44) |
| Falls | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 178) | 88 | 50 | 28 | 7 | 5 | 178 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.00 (0.71, 1.41) | 1.28 (0.84, 1.96) | 0.83 (0.38, 1.79) | 1.66 (0.67, 4.08) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.34) | 1.15 (0.75, 1.76) | 0.69 (0.32, 1.49) | 1.31 (0.53, 3.24) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) |
| Suicide | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 196) | 103 | 52 | 22 | 11 | 8 | 196 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.37) | 1.11 (0.60, 2.07) | 2.27 (1.11, 4.66) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) | 0.90 (0.57, 1.43) | 1.18 (0.63, 2.20) | 2.47 (1.20, 5.10) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) |
| Other | ||||||
| No of deaths (n = 1733) | 744 | 513 | 275 | 150 | 51 | 1733 |
| Risk of death,% | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
| Unadjusted | 1 (reference) | 1.21 (1.08, 1.35) | 1.49 (1.29, 1.71) | 2.09 (1.76, 2.50) | 1.99 (1.50, 2.64) | 1.23 (1.18, 1.29) |
| Multivariable adjusteda | 1 (reference) | 1.16 (1.04, 1.30) | 1.36 (1.18, 1.56) | 1.80 (1.51, 2.15) | 1.65 (1.24, 2.20) | 1.18 (1.13, 1.23) |
a
Adjusted for age, sex, townsend deprivation index and ethnicity.