Table 2.

Malaria plasma EV cargo from experimental malaria models and human field studies

Plasmodium species	Biomolecular cargo	Important findings in malaria derived EVsa	References
P. yoelii	Proteins	EVs carry reticulocyte exosome associated proteins including transferrin receptor & heat shock 70 protein No markers for microvesicles or apoptotic vesicles detected Parasite proteins with possible antigenic properties identified Parasite proteins important in host-parasite interactions identified	[54]
P. yoelii	Proteins	EVs carry reticulocyte exosome associated proteins including transferrin receptor & heat shock 70 protein Parasite proteins with possible antigenic properties identified Parasite proteins important in host-parasite interactions identified	[55]
P. vivax	Proteins	Human and parasite proteins Suitable model for identifying biomarkers of hypnozoite infection	[56]b
P. berghei	Proteins	EVs contain differentially abundant proteins important for CM pathogenesis EVs contain parasite proteins	[57]
P. berghei P. yoelii	miRNA	EVs contain significantly dysregulated miRNA species that are important for CM pathogenesis	[58]
P. vivax	Proteins	Parasite proteins present exclusively in infection derived EVs	[59]
P. falciparum P. vivax	miRNA	EVs contain significantly upregulated miRNAs important in malaria pathway and host-parasite interactions	[60]
P. falciparum	Proteins	EVs contain proteins associated with complement activation, coagulation & inflammation EVs in infection exclusively contain human RAB proteins that regulate intracellular processes and cytokine secretion EVs contain parasite proteins associated with biology & virulence	[61]

EBA Erythrocyte Binding Antigen, PS phosphatidylserine, PI phosphatidylinositol, PC phosphatidylcholine, uREVs uninfected RBC derived EVs, iREVs infected RBC derived EVs

^aNot an exclusive summary

^bHuman liver chimeric mouse model designed to identify biomarkers of hypnozoite infection