Table 1.

ADEM after COVID-19 vaccination.

Cases	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4	Case 5
Author	Vogrig et al. [4]	Kania et al. [5]	Cao et al. [6]	Rinaldi [7]	This study
Age	56	19	24	45	88
Sex	F	F	F	M	F
Country	Italy	Poland	China	Italy	Japan
Time from vaccination to onset	14 days	14 days	14 days	12 days	29 days
Vaccine	BNT162	mRNA-1273	BBIBP-CorV	ChAdOx1nCoV-19	BNT162
Vaccine type	mRNA	mRNA	Inactivated	Adenoviral vector	mRNA
Developer	Pfizer	Moderna	Sinopharm	AstraZeneca	Pfizer
History	Recurrent herpes zoster, postinfectious rhombencephalitis	Atopic dermatitis, depression	–	–	Diabetes, Alzheimer's disease
Symptoms	Gaze-evoked nystagmus, mild weakness on left upper limb, left ataxia	Severe headache, nuchal rigidity, urinary retention, bilateral Babinski signs	Somnolence, memory decline, headache, low-grade fever, muscle stiffness, extremity weakness, reduced appetite, seizure	Decreased visual acuity, gaze-evoked nystagmus dysarthria, dysphagia, weakness on right upper limb, right ataxia, numbness in upper extremities, trunk, and lower extremities, urinary incontinence	Impaired consciousness, gaze-evoked nystagmus
Lesion	Left MCP, bilateral cerebral white matter	Brain hemispheres, pons, the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, spinal cord	Bilateral cerebral white matter	Pons, right MCP, right thalamus, spinal cord	Bilateral MCP
Treatment	Prednisone	Steroid pulse, plasma exchange, ceftriaxone, acyclovir	IVIg, ceftriaxone, acyclovir, diazepam, levetiracetam	Steroid pulse, followed by oral prednisone	Steroid pulse
Prognosis	Mild ataxia remains	Almost all symptoms were improved except for a mild headache	Complete clinical recovery	Complete clinical recovery	Complete clinical recovery

IVIg, intravenous immunoglobulin, MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; MCP, middle cerebellar peduncles.