Table 1.
Causal association of COVID-19 with AF via forward MR analyses.
| Phenotype | Numbers of SNPs | OR (95% CI) | Beta (SE) | P | q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 vs. population | |||||
| IVW | 29 | 1.111 (0.971–1.272) | 0.106 (0.069) | 0.127 | 0.318 |
| Weighted median | 29 | 1.011 (0.861–1.186) | 0.010 (0.082) | 0.898 | 0.924 |
| Penalised weighted median | 29 | 1.008 (0.857–1.186) | 0.008 (0.083) | 0.924 | 0.924 |
| MR-PRESSO | 29 | −0.103 (0.061) | 0.103 | 0.318 | |
| MR-Egger | 29 | 1.196 (0.805–1.775) | 0.179 (0.202) | 0.383 | 0.638 |
| egger_intercept | −0.006 | 0.702 | |||
| Q statistic | – | 0.007 | |||
| Hospitalized COVID-19 vs. not hospitalized COVID-19 | |||||
| IVW | 20 | 0.991 (0.941–1.044) | −0.009 (0.027) | 0.730 | 0.730 |
| Weighted median | 20 | 1.014 (0.952–1.081) | 0.014 (0.032) | 0.665 | 0.730 |
| Penalised weighted median | 20 | 1.015 (0.950–1.085) | 0.015 (0.034) | 0.655 | 0.730 |
| MR-PRESSO | 20 | −0.018 (0.026) | 0.514 | 0.730 | |
| MR-Egger | 20 | 0.952 (0.838–1.082) | −0.049 (0.065) | 0.462 | 0.730 |
| egger_intercept | 0.010 | 0.511 | |||
| Q statistic | 0.080 | ||||
| Hospitalized COVID-19 vs. population | |||||
| IVW | 32 | 1.055 (0.995–1.119) | 0.054 (0.030) | 0.075 | 0.125 |
| Weighted median | 32 | 1.076 (0.996–1.163) | 0.073 (0.040) | 0.065 | 0.125 |
| Penalised weighted median | 32 | 1.080 (1.001–1.166) | 0.077 (0.039) | 0.048 | 0.125 |
| MR-PRESSO | 32 | 0.035 (0.029) | 0.246 | 0.308 | |
| MR-Egger | 32 | 0.963 (0.808–1.149) | −0.038 (0.090) | 0.679 | 0.679 |
| egger_intercept | 0.012 | 0.290 | |||
| Q statistic | 0.055 | ||||
| Severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 vs. population | |||||
| IVW | 33 | 1.037 (1.005–1.071) | 0.037 (0.016) | 0.023 | 0.115 |
| Weighted median | 33 | 1.039 (0.994–1.086) | 0.038 (0.022) | 0.092 | 0.153 |
| Penalised weighted median | 33 | 1.039 (0.995–1.085) | 0.038 (0.022) | 0.081 | 0.153 |
| MR-Egger | 33 | 1.038 (0.920–1.171) | 0.037 (0.062) | 0.551 | 0.551 |
| egger_intercept | −6.66e-05 | 0.996 | |||
| Q statistic | 0.699 | ||||
| MR-PRESSO | 33 | −0.023 (0.016) | 0.151 | 0.189 | |
Beta is the estimated effect size. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
AF: Atrial fibrillation; CI: confidence interval; IVs: instrumental variables; IVW: inverse-variance weighted; MR: Mendelian randomization; MR-PRESSO: Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism.