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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 17.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Res. 2021 May 21;90(6):1258–1265. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01567-7
Average/% (SD)
County-level Overdose Rate
 All pediatric psychoactive substance overdoses .14 (2.46)
State-level Policies
 Prescription drug monitoring program 68.62%
 Good Samaritan law for drug overdoses 9.55%
 Naloxone possession – no criminal liability 1.60%
 Medical marijuana 15.42%
 Pain management clinic law 11.16%
State-level Per Capita Expenditures ($)
 Education 1.71 (.42)
 Public Welfare 1.24 (.42)
 Hospitals .17 (.12)
 Health .15 (.08)
County-level Demographics
 Unemployment rate 4.19 (1.81)
 Median household income 41,761 (11,461)
 Percent living in poverty 11.40 (5.65)
 Percent with bachelor’s degree 13.36 (6.63)
 Percent foreign-born 4.09 (5.33)
 Percent female-headed households 6.39 (2.45)
 Percent Black 9.25 (14.35)
 Percent Hispanic 7.81 (12.86)
 Large Central Metro 2.14%
 Large Fringe Metro 11.70%
 Medium Metro 11.82%
 Small Metro 11.41%
 Micropolitan 20.45%
 Noncore 42.48%