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. 2021 Nov 22;19:293. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-02150-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Immunogenicity of the GAP vaccine. The parasite-specific antibody response was determined by collecting blood samples and measuring anti-MSP2 IgG over the course of the study in each subject (A). The cell-mediated immune response was determined by measuring the frequency of activated (PD-1⁺ ICOS⁺) CD4⁺ Tfh cells (B) and activated (CD38^hi HLA-DR⁺) Th1 cells (C) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells over the course of the study in each subject. CD4⁺ T cell subsets were identified in B and C as indicated in Additional File 2: Figure S1. The cell-mediated immune response was not determined for cohort 4 (subject 7 and subject 8).