Fig. 5.

Cytoadherence of parasite-infected erythrocytes. The binding of infected erythrocytes to purified ICAM-1 (A) and CD36 (B) was determined under static conditions, and binding to unstimulated (○) or TNF-stimulated (●) human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) was determined under flow conditions (C). Assays were performed as described in Additional File 3: Text S2. Shown are the mean ± SD for 4 independent experiments. P. falciparum 3D7 kahrp– parasites cultured ex vivo from subject 5 and subject 6 were compared with parasites inoculated on day 0. There was no difference in cytoadherence characteristics when significance was determined by unpaired t test with Welch’s correction (P > 0.05). The laboratory isolate P. falciparum ItG was used as a positive control. IE: infected erythrocytes