Table 2.

Application of various postbiotics in alleviation of various diseases

S. NO	Probiotic organisms	Paraprobiotic/postbiotic components	Disease application	Model	References
1	Lactobacillus plantarum JLK0142	Exopolysaccharides	EPS also increased IgA concentrations in the intestinal mucosa and stimulated lymphocyte proliferation	Mice model	[29]
2	Enterococcus faecium CRL35	Peptide	Inhibited the late stages of HSV-1 and HSV-2 replication	Vero cells	[30]
3	Bacillus thuringiensis 6431	A two-peptide bacteriocin	Inhibited the growth of Clostridium difficile	Model of the distal colon	[31]
4	Lactococcus lactis	Nisin F	Prevented respiratory tract and subcutaneous skin infections instigated by S. aureus	Mice model	[32]
5	Lactobacillus brevis	Non-protein cell wall component	Reduced the replication of HSV-2	Vero cells	[33]
6	L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and L. casei	Peptidoglycans	Inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines in models of LPS-induced macrophage-like cells	HT-29 cells	[34]
7	L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, B. bifidum, S. thermophilus, and S. boulardii	Heat killed	Increase of paracellular permeability, restoration of tight junction function and membrane integrity, and modulating cytokine gene expression	CacoGoblet cells	[35]
8	Streptococcus thermophilus CRL1190	Exopolysaccharides	Improve the anti-inflammatory response through the modulation of cytokine IL-8 production	AGS cells (adherent human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line)	[36]
9	Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Cell-free supernatants (CFS)	MMP-9 and ZO-1 as targets via which secreted factors from probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus casei and LGG decrease metastasis of colon cancer cells	Human colon carcinoma cell line HCT-116	[37]
10	L. rhamnosus CRL1505	Peptidoglycan	Immunomodulatory properties	Mice model	[38]
11	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Heat inactivated	Reduction of human rhinovirus infection	Healthy subjects aged 18 to 65 years	[39]
12	Lactobacillus sp. RM1	Cell-free supernatant	Antifungal activity influence-inhibited aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A production	MRS broth	[40]
13	Lactobacillus plantarum RG14	Cell-free supernatant	Enhance ruminal papillae growth, immune status (increase of IL-6 mRNA and decrease of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF mRNA expression), and gastrointestinal health	Twelve newly weaned male lambs	[41]
14	Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Bacteriocin	Reduces production of viral proteins in infected cells	Primary chick embryo fibroblasts cell cultures (CEF)	[42]
15	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	Bacteriocin (subtilisin)	Disrupts late infectious stages of both HSV type 1	Vero cell cultures	[43]
16	Enterococcus faecium	Enterocin CRL35	Found to lower glycoprotein gD synthesis, disrupting a slightly earlier step in the infectious cycle of HSV compared to subtilosin	Monkey kidney Vero cells	[44]
17	Lactobacillus plantarum LPL-1	Bacteriocins	Bacteriocins could inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes by acidifying the cell membrane of L. monocytogenes and creating pores in the bacterial membrane	Fish	[45]
18	E. coli Nissle 1917	Peptides	Antimicrobial peptides produced by E. coli Nissle 1917 inhibit the growth of Salmonella enterica by damaging the cell wall structure	Turkey digestive tract	[46]
19	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FPTB16 and Bacillus subtilis FPTB13	Heat inactivated	Immunostimulatory effects	Catla catla	[47]
20	Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74	Culture supernatant	Inhibition of immune cell inflammation and protect the host from pathobionts and enteric pathogens and had protective effects against colitis	Mice model	[48]
21	Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii	Heat-killed fermentate	Increase on sociability and lower baseline corticosterone (stress hormone) levels	Healthy mice	[49]
22	Lactobacillus reuteri on the Galleria mellonella	Heat killed	Increase the hemocyte density	Invertebrate model	[50]
23	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Secreted protein	Treatment of intestinal barrier dysfunction-related diseases	Rat model	[51]
24	Lactobacillus casei (Lc)	Paraprobiotic	As increased the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and T CD4 + CD44 + lymphocytes	Murine systemic toxoplasmosis model	[52]
25	L. paracasei CNCM I-1518	Peptidoglycans	Reduced susceptibility to influenza infection, reduced inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lungs, and enhanced the speed of viral clearance	Influenza infection rodent model	[53]
26	Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum LMG 24,109 T, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum 1.20, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii DSM 17,677	Butyric acid	Improve epithelial barrier integrity and management in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and Crohn’s disease (CD)	Caco-2 model	[54]
27	Lactobacillus plantarum strain YU	Heat killed	Anti-allergic and antiviral effects by activating Th1 immune response and protective immune system	Mice model	[55]
28	E. coli Nissle 1917	Cell-free soluble factors	The protective effect against enteropathogenic E. coli induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunctioning by triggering the expression of tight junction	Caco-2 cellular model	[56]
29	Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens	Exopolysaccharides	EPSs such as kefiran are potential candidates for preventing cardiovascular diseases	Rabbit model	[57]
30	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356	Probiotics	Lactobacilli, such as LGG and TMC0356, might protect a host animal against Flu infection	Mouse model	[58]
31	L. plantarum	SLPs	Increasing their transepithelial resistance (TER) and down-regulating their permeability	Caco-2 cells	[59]
32	Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp.LTA)	Lipoteichoic acid	Anti-inflammatory responses	IPEC-J2 cell line	[60]
33	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	p40 and p75	p40 and p75 induce a significant reduction in the H2O2-induced redistribution of occludin and ZO-1 from the intercellular junctions	Caco-2, T84, and HT29 cell	[61]
34	S. epidermidis	LTA	LTA-induced antiviral activity is primarily due to the induction of cathelicidin	Mouse model	[62]
35	L. johnsonii L531	SCFAs	Alternative for controlling Salmonella infection and maintaining metabolic homeostasis	Piglets	[63]
36	L. rhamnosus GG	Pili	Promoting strong adhesive interactions with IECs, have a functional role in balancing IL-8 mRNA expression induced by surface molecules such as lipoteichoic acid	Caco-2 cells	[64]
37	Lactobacillus plantarum LBP-K10	Cyclic dipeptide	Antiviral activity against influenza A (H3N2)	Madin-Darby canine kidney cells	[65]
38	Lactobacillus pentosus strain b240	Heat killed	Increase salivary IgA secretion in humans and prevent IFV infection	BALB/c mice	[66]
39	L. acidophilus NCFM	Aggregation-promoting factors (Apf)	Apf potentially confers properties that promote bile tolerance and interaction with the host epithelium and, hence, may contribute to the fitness and adaptation of L. acidophilus in the small-intestinal ecosystem	Caco-2 (ATCC HTB-37) epithelial cell	[67]
40	Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305	Heat inactivated	Decrease stress induce and increase in salivary cortisol level, increase in expression of stress-responsive microRNAs	Healthy students (21 males and 11 females)	[68]
41	L. reuteri	ROS	Improves metabolic homeostasis and corrects stress-induced despair behaviors. ROS production in the gut could be used to treat psychiatric disorders	Mice model	[69]
42	Lactobacillus reuteri NK33 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis NK98	LPS	NK33 and NK98 additively or synergistically prevented and alleviated anxiety and depression by alleviating gut dysbiosis through the suppression of the proteobacteria population and gut microbiota LPS production	Mice model	[70]
43	Lactobacillus plantarum PS128	Heat killed	PS128 has the potential to serve as an anxiolytic agent to regulate the motor functions and the mood of the host, and the chronic PS128 ingestion causes an increase in locomotor behavior and a reduction in anxiety-like behaviors	Mice Model	[71]
44	Lactobacillus paracasei PS23	Heat killed or live	Heat-killed PS23 reverses corticosterone-reduced dopamine levels. PS23 improves corticosterone-reduced hippocampal protein levels of MR, GR, and BDNF	Mouse model	[72]
45	L. paracasei MTCC1849	Heat killed	L. paracasei MCC1849 has the potential to improve resistance to common cold infections and maintain a desirable mood state, even under mental stress conditions	Healthy female under exam stress	[73]
46	Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1	SCFAs	L. acidophilus DDS-1 supplementation could be an important dietary strategy to counteract aging-associated dysbiosis	Mice model	[74]
47	L. acidophilus and L. casei	Cell-free supernatants	Downregulate the TNF-α secretion and upregulate the anti-inflammatory IL-10 production. L. casei metabolites prevent IL-1β activation induced by LPS	HT-29 human mucus secreting adenocarcinoma cell line (ATCC HTB-38)	[75]
48	Lactobacillus plantarum	Mucus-binding protein (Mub)	Mub plays an important role in the host-microbial cross talk and possesses the potential for pathogen exclusion to a greater extent than mediated by L. plantarum cells	Caco-2 and HT-29 cell lines	[76]
49	L. plantarum N14	Exopolysaccharides (EPS)	NPS and APS play unique roles in the immunomodulatory effect of L. plantarum N14. M	Porcine intestinal cultured cell line	[77]
50	Lactobacillus kefir	S-layer proteins	S-layer proteins from kefir lactobacilli to antagonize biological effects of bacterial toxins	Vero cells	[78]