Table 3.

Examination of the presence of the YSIE across different mental health issues/measures

Mental health issue/measure	Significant deteriorationa	Significant improvementb	Non-significant change	% studies that support the YSIEc	Summary codes
Depression	[73]		[57, 58, 60]	25%	0
Anxiety	[74]		[58, 60]	33%	0
Psychological distress	[75]	[57]	[76]	33%	0
Mood disorder			[74]	0%	0
Anxiety or mood disorder	[17]		[66]	50%	?
Either depression or anxiety	[88]			100%	+
Overall mental health	[20, 31, 65–67, 84, 90]	[68]	[57, 60]	70%	+  +
Well-being	[65, 71]			100%	+

YSIE years since immigration effect

^aInvolves either increase in mental health pathologies or decrease in overall mental health and well-being over years

^bInvolves either reduction in mental health pathologies or improvement in general mental health and well-being over years

^cNumber of studies supporting the predicted YSEI phenomenon divided by the whole number of studies examined each mental health outcome. +  = evidence for presence of YSIE for the investigated mental health outcome (60–100% of papers supporting the predicted YSIE phenomenon); 0 = no evidence for presence of YSIE (0–33% of papers supporting the predicted YSIE phenomenon); ? = inconsistent evidence for presence of YSIE (34–59% of papers supporting the predicted YSIE phenomenon); Single signed codes (+ , 0, ?) were given when a significance evidence for presence of YSIE was found in less than four studies; Double signed summary coding (+ + , 00, ??) indicates that a significance evidence for presence of YSIE was revealed in four or more studies