Table 3.

Multivariable Analysis of Opioid Utilization by State Marijuana Policy

	Opioid index Rx, n = 83,252	Follow-up opioid Rx, n = 111,303	Index opioid prescription days’ supply > 7, n = 31,210	Follow-up cumulative opioid days’ supply ≥ 90, n = 3306
Parameter	Adjusted odds ratio estimate (95% Wald CI)	Adjusted odds ratio estimate (95% Wald CI)	Adjusted odds ratio estimate (95% Wald CI)	Adjusted odds ratio estimate (95% Wald CI)
Marijuana policy at index
Medical+recreational vs. medical	1.90 (1.77–2.03) *	2.20 (2.01–2.42) *	0.76 (0.70–0.83) *	1.01 (0.92–1.12)
Medical+recreational vs. none	1.72 (1.61–1.85) *	1.87 (1.71–2.05) *	0.84 (0.77–0.91) *	1.18 (1.07–1.29) *
Medical vs. none	0.91 (0.89–0.93) *	0.85 (0.83–0.87) *	1.10 (1.07–1.14) *	1.16 (1.12–1.21) *
Age	0.99 (0.99–0.99) *	0.99 (0.99–0.99) *	1.03 (1.03–1.03) *	1.03 (1.02–1.03) *
Female gender	0.89 (0.87–0.91) *	0.82 (0.80–0.84) *	0.83 (0.80–0.85) *	0.74 (0.71–0.76) *
No previous pain Rx before index	1.04 (1.02–1.07) *	0.87 (0.84–0.89) *	0.20 (0.19–0.21) *	0.09 (0.08–0.09) *
Out-of-state pharmacy at index	0.29 (0.28–0.30) *	0.42 (0.40–0.43) *	1.69 (1.57–1.81) *	0.82 (0.78–0.87) *
Out-of-state prescriber at index	1.96 (1.89–2.03) *	1.67 (1.60–1.75) *	0.64 (0.61–0.68) *	0.87 (0.82–0.92) *
Benzodiazepine: index period	1.43 (1.30–1.57) *	1.26 (1.19–1.32) *	1.76 (1.56–1.99) *	1.63 (1.56–1.71) *
Muscle relaxant: index period	0.73 (0.71–0.76) *	1.11 (1.07–1.14) *	1.72 (1.63–1.81) *	2.16 (2.09–2.24) *
Disease burden-unique GPI-2 count	1.02 (1.02–1.02) *	1.14 (1.14–1.15) *	1.03 (1.02–1.03) *	1.04 (1.03–1.04) *
Mental health treatment indicator	1.24 (1.21–1.27) *	1.15 (1.12–1.19) *	1.30 (1.26–1.35) *	1.90 (1.84–1.98) *

*P < 0.001. Rx prescription, GPI generic product identifier, CI confidence interval