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. 2021 Nov 8;13:772717. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.772717

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Copyright © 2021 Wang, Yao, Liu, Ya, Cheng, Xing and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A paradigm of M1 and M2 phenotypes of microglial cells. Microglia activation is categorized into two phenotypes, namely, M1 phenotype and M2 phenotype. M1 microglia could be induced by lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ (LPS/IFN-γ), leading to the increase of pro-inflammatory factors. M2 microglia could be induced by IL-4/IL-13, which leads to the increase of anti-inflammatory factors. Thus, M1 microglia contribute to the inflammatory response, while M2 microglia contribute to the neuroprotection and repair processes of tissues.