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Clinical trials with drugs that can target the UPR pathway components in T1D. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may blunt IRE1α′s hyperactivation and inhibit pro-apoptotic pathways in β-cells. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, may decrease expression of TXNIP that otherwise promotes apoptosis by increasing oxidative stress and inflammasome formation in β-cells. TUDCA alleviates ER stress in β-cells in an ATF6-dependent manner.
