Table 1.
Canine (A) and human (B) ethograms used in recording behavior from the videos and video clip compilations.
| Operational definition | |
|---|---|
| (A) CANINE BEHAVIOR | |
| Vocalization | |
| Barking | Clear, short and repetitive vocalizations directed toward stimulus |
| Howling | Prolonged high-amplitude vocalization, snout held high, lips drawn together while exhaling, mouth open |
| Whining | A cyclic low-amplitude vocalization, mouth closed |
| Body movement | |
| Pacing | Repeated movement from one position to another two or more times in a fixed route, includes circling the span of the room |
| Retreating | Accelerated movement away from the stimulus and remains distant from general proximity of the stimulus |
| Hiding | State of concealing physical body from the stimulus |
| Trembling/Shaking | Visible vibrations of the entire body, excluding the tail (when visible, verbalized or noted by owner in video) |
| Spinning | Turning or whirling quickly around a center of axis, similarly to a dog chasing its tail |
| Digging | Forelimb paws alternating repetitively, making contact with source of stimulus |
| Jumping on owner | Standing on hind legs with forelimb paws risen off the ground and makes contact with the owner |
| Jumping in place | Jumping intentionally into the air, landing on the ground in the same approximate area (either all 4 or 2 paws off the ground) |
| Jumping (Misc.) | Jumping intentionally into the air, landing on furniture/objects OR further than 1 meter from start point (either all 4 or 2 paws off the ground) |
| Lunging | Attempt to bite while moving in the direction of stimulus without physical contact |
| Proximity | In contact with or within 1 body length of the owner |
| Frozen | General rigidity of body posture with fixed attention in the direction of the stimulus (>3 s) |
| Facial orientation | |
| Lip licking | Showing one or more brief movements of the tongue toward the nose or corners of the mouth |
| Panting | Tongue exposed with audible and/or observable heavy breathing |
| Salivating | Mouth tense and pulled back, presence of excess saliva around the mouth |
| Tucked ears | Ears folded against sides and/or back of head and having a flattened appearance, excluding tucked ears when howling |
| Yawning | Opens mouth widely and inhales |
| Fear grimace | Corners of the mouth pulled back |
| Agonistic pucker | Corners of the mouth pushed forward |
| Tail orientation | |
| Tail Wag | Regular movement of the tail from side to side, relaxed or tense |
| Tucked tail | No movement of tail tightly between hind legs, may be curled under ventral side |
| (B) HUMAN REACTION | |
| Concern | Vocalization indicating concern for the welfare of the subject |
| Amusement | Cheery vocalization indicating laughter or chuckling as a reaction to the subject |
| Analysis | Commentary regarding the description of subject behavior, posture, and overall reaction to stimulus |
| Antagonist | Deliberately manipulating or instigating stimulus in order to induce response from subject |
| Preventative inhibitor | Interference in order to reduce or stop subject behavior toward stimulus (removing stimulus, removing dog, physically separating, etc.) |
| Spectator | Person is present with no vocalization or interference with subject |