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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Aging Health. 2021 May 22:8982643211019500. doi: 10.1177/08982643211019500

Table 2.

Multilevel models predicting overall, emotional, and social loneliness as a function of cognitive impairment over time

Overall Loneliness
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Fixed effects
Intercept 1.49 [1.48, 1.51], <.001 1.51 [1.49, 1.52], <.001 1.60 [1.58, 1.61], <.001 1.52 [1.51, 1.54], <.001
Time 0.01 [0.01, 0.02], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.01], .135 −0.01 [−0.01, 0.00], .004 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], .387
Age 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001
Age2 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001
Female −0.04 [−0.06, −0.03], <.001 −0.04 [−0.06, −0.03], <.001 −0.03 [−0.05, −0.02], <.001 −0.05 [−0.06, −0.03], <.001
Education −0.02 [−0.02, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.02, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001
Black 0.01 [0.00, 0.03], .117 0.00 [−0.01, 0.02], .677 −0.02 [−0.04, −0.01], .008 −0.02 [−0.04, −0.01], .004
Other 0.00 [−0.03, 0.03], .812 0.00 [−0.03, 0.03], .959 −0.01 [−0.04, 0.02], .452 −0.02 [−0.04, 0.01], .174
Latinx −0.01 [−0.03, 0.02], .680 0.00 [−0.02, 0.02], .975 0.00 [−0.02, 0.03], .765 −0.01 [−0.03, 0.01], .475
ever CIND 0.08 [0.07, 0.10], <.001 0.07 [0.06, 0.09], <.001 0.06 [0.04, 0.08], <.001 0.04 [0.03, 0.06], <.001
ever dementia 0.10 [0.08, 0.13], <.001 0.09 [0.06, 0.12], <.001 0.07 [0.04, 0.10], <.001 0.04 [0.01, 0.07], .002
Functional limitations 0.03 [0.03, 0.03], <.001 0.03 [0.02, 0.03], <.001 0.02 [0.01, 0.02], <.001
Disease burden 0.05 [0.05, 0.06], <.001 0.02 [0.01, 0.02], <.001 0.02 [0.01, 0.02], <.001
Married −0.12 [−0.13, −0.11], <.001 −0.10 [−0.11, −0.09], <.001
Social contact −0.11 [−0.11, −0.10], <.001 −0.10 [−0.11, −0.10], <.001
Depressive symptoms 0.06 [0.06, 0.06], <.001
Age × Time 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001
ever CIND × Time 0.00 [−0.01, 0.01], .969 0.00 [−0.01, 0.01], .676 0.00 [−0.01, 0.01], .557 0.00 [−0.01, 0.01], .524
ever dementia × Time −0.01 [−0.03, 0.01], .298 −0.02 [−0.04, 0.00], .079 −0.02 [−0.04, 0.00], .029 −0.01 [−0.03, 0.00], .130
Random effects
Residual var. 0.06 [0.06, 0.07], <.001 0.06 [0.06, 0.07], <.001 0.06 [0.06, 0.07], <.001 0.06 [0.06, 0.07], <.001
Intercept var. 0.12 [0.11, 0.12], <.001 0.11 [0.11, 0.12], <.001 0.10 [0.09, 0.10], <.001 0.08 [0.08, 0.09], <.001
Time var. 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], .001
Intercept and time covar. 0.01 [0.00, 0.01], <.001 0.01 [0.00, 0.01], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.01], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.01], <.001
2 log-likelihood 26581.318 26128.580 24270.106 22477.756
Emotional loneliness
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Fixed effects
Intercept 1.39 [1.38, 1.41], <.001 1.41 [1.39, 1.43], <.001 1.63 [1.61, 1.65], <.001 1.53 [1.51, 1.55], <.001
Time 0.00 [0.00, 0.01], .238 −0.01 [−0.02, 0.00], .005 −0.03 [−0.03, −0.02], <.001 −0.02 [−0.03, −0.01], <.001
Age −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001
Age2 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001
Female 0.07 [0.05, 0.09], <.001 0.07 [0.05, 0.08], <.001 0.03 [0.02, 0.05], <.001 0.01 [0.00, 0.03], .047
Education −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], .048 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], .085
Black 0.03 [0.00, 0.05], .025 0.01 [−0.01, 0.03], .352 −0.05 [−0.07, −0.03], <.001 −0.05 [−0.07, −0.03], <.001
Other −0.01 [−0.05, 0.03], .603 −0.02 [−0.05, 0.02], .380 −0.03 [−0.06, 0.00], .089 −0.04 [−0.07, −0.01], .013
Latinx −0.07 [−0.10, −0.04], <.001 −0.06 [−0.09, −0.03], <.001 −0.06 [−0.09, −0.03], <.001 −0.07 [−0.10, −0.05], <.001
ever CIND 0.09 [0.07, 0.11], <.001 0.08 [0.06, 0.10], <.001 0.06 [0.04, 0.08], <.001 0.04 [0.02, 0.06], <.001
ever dementia 0.13 [0.10, 0.17], <.001 0.11 [0.08, 0.15], <.001 0.09 [0.06, 0.12], <.001 0.05 [0.01, 0.08], .004
Functional limitations 0.04 [0.04, 0.05], <.001 0.04 [0.03, 0.04], <.001 0.02 [0.02, 0.02], <.001
Disease burden 0.08 [0.07, 0.09], <.001 0.07 [0.06, 0.08], <.001 0.03 [0.02, 0.04], <.001
Married −0.26 [−0.28, −0.25], <.001 −0.24 [−0.25, −0.22], <.001
Social contact −0.07 [−0.08, −0.07], <.001 −0.07 [−0.07, −0.06], <.001
Depressive symptoms 0.09 [0.08, 0.09], <.001
Age × Time 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001
ever CIND × Time 0.00 [−0.01, 0.01], .807 0.00 [−0.02, 0.01], .499 −0.01 [−0.02, 0.01], .345 −0.01 [−0.02, 0.01], .312
ever dementia × Time 0.00 [−0.03, 0.02], .791 −0.01 [−0.04, 0.01], .253 −0.02 [−0.04, 0.01], .166 −0.01 [−0.03, 0.02], .511
Random effects
Residual var. 0.10 [0.10, 0.10], <.001 0.10 [0.10, 0.10], <.001 0.10 [0.10, 0.10], <.001 0.10 [0.10, 0.10], <.001
Intercept var. 0.18 [0.18, 0.19], <.001 0.17 [0.17, 0.18], <.001 0.15 [0.15, 0.16], <.001 0.12 [0.12, 0.13], <.001
Time var. −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.02, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001
Intercept and time covar. 0.01 [0.01, 0.02], <.001 0.01 [0.01, 0.02], <.001 0.01 [0.01, 0.01], <.001 0.01 [0.01, 0.01], <.001
2 log-likelihood 40680.98 40077.19 38307.94 35893.25
Social loneliness
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Fixed effects
Intercept 1.49 [1.48, 1.51], <.001 1.50 [1.49, 1.52], <.001 1.52 [1.50, 1.54], <.001 1.46 [1.44, 1.48], <.001
Time 0.02 [0.01, 0.03], <.001 0.01 [0.00, 0.02], .001 0.00 [0.00, 0.01], .415 0.01 [0.00, 0.01], .026
Age 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 0.00 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001
Age2 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001
Female −0.11 [−0.12, −0.09], <.001 −0.11 [−0.12, −0.09], <.001 −0.07 [−0.08, −0.05], <.001 −0.08 [−0.09, −0.06], <.001
Education −0.02 [−0.02, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.02, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, −0.01], <.001 −0.01 [−0.01, 0.00], <.001
Black 0.01 [−0.01, 0.03], .332 0.00 [−0.02, 0.02], .897 −0.01 [−0.03, 0.01], .336 −0.01 [−0.03, 0.01], .309
Other 0.00 [−0.03, 0.03], .965 0.00 [−0.04, 0.03], .864 −0.01 [−0.04, 0.02], .472 −0.02 [−0.05, 0.01], .272
Latinx 0.04 [0.01, 0.07], .006 0.04 [0.02, 0.07], .002 0.05 [0.02, 0.07], .001 0.04 [0.01, 0.06], .004
ever CIND 0.09 [0.07, 0.11], <.001 0.08 [0.06, 0.10], <.001 0.07 [0.05, 0.09], <.001 0.06 [0.04, 0.07], <.001
ever dementia 0.10 [0.07, 0.13], <.001 0.09 [0.06, 0.12], <.001 0.07 [0.04, 0.10], <.001 0.05 [0.01, 0.08], .004
Functional limitations 0.03 [0.02, 0.03], <.001 0.02 [0.02, 0.03], <.001 0.01 [0.01, 0.02], <.001
Disease burden 0.04 [0.03, 0.05], <.001 0.03 [0.02, 0.04], <.001 0.00 [−0.01, 0.01], .424
Married −0.04 [−0.06, −0.03], <.001 −0.03 [−0.04, −0.01], <.001
Social contact −0.14 [−0.15, −0.14], <.001 −0.14 [−0.15, −0.13], <.001
Depressive symptoms 0.05 [0.04, 0.05], <.001
Age × Time 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], <.001 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], .002
ever CIND × Time 0.00 [−0.02, 0.01], .732 0.00 [−0.02, 0.01], .568 0.00 [−0.02, 0.01], .555 0.00 [−0.02, 0.01], .525
ever dementia × Time −0.02 [−0.04, 0.01], .192 −0.02 [−0.05, 0.00], .083 −0.03 [−0.05, 0.00], .036 −0.02 [−0.05, 0.00], .095
Random effects
Residual var. 0.13 [0.12, 0.13], <.001 0.13 [0.12, 0.13], <.001 0.13 [0.13, 0.13], <.001 0.13 [0.13, 0.13], <.001
Intercept var. 0.13 [0.12, 0.13], <.001 0.12 [0.12, 0.13], <.001 0.10 [0.10, 0.11], <.001 0.09 [0.09, 0.10], <.001
Time var. 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], .737 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], .675 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], .572 0.00 [0.00, 0.00], .570
Intercept and time covar. 0.00 [0.00, 0.01], .006 0.00 [0.00, 0.01], .006 0.00 [0.00, 0.01], .013 0.00 [0.00, 0.01], .013
2 log-likelihood 41271.87 41072.12 39380.56 38673.66

Note. Values represent unstandardized regression coefficients [95% confidence interval], p-value. CIND = Cognitive impairment not dementia.