1. Measles: effectiveness ‐ cohort studies.

Study	Population characteristics	Case definition	Vaccine/strain	N vaccinated sample size (dose)	N control	N events in exposed/ N total exposed or person‐time versus N events in non‐exposed/ N total non‐exposed or person‐time	Vaccine effectiveness VE% (95% CI)
ca‐Barrabeig 2011b	Children attending day‐care and preschool centres (a) ≥ 15 months (all ages) (b) 15 to 23 months (c) 24 to 35 months (d) ≥ 36 months ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ (e) Indirect effectiveness (e1) 12 to 23 months (e2) 24 to 35 months (e3) ≥ 36 months	Confirmed measles was defined as laboratory‐confirmed case or met the WHO clinical case definition and was epidemiologically linked to laboratory‐confirmed case.	Priorix/Schwarz or MDS/Enders dose 1 at 9 to 12 months dose 2 at 15 months	(a) N = 1027 (any dose) (a1) N = 830 (1 dose) (a2) N = 197 (2 doses) (b) N = 269 (any doses) (c) N = 384 (any doses) (d) N = 374 (any doses)	(a) n = 94 (b) n = 57 (c) n = 20 (d) n = 17 unvaccinated	(a) 5/1027 versus 12/94 (a1) 5/830 versus 12/94 (a2) 0/197 versus 12/94 (b) 3/296 versus 6/57 (c) 1/384 versus 4/20 (d) 1/374 versus 2/17	(a) 96.2% (89.4% to 98.6%) (a1) 95.3% (86.9% to 98.%) (a2) 100% (‐% to ‐%) (b) 89.4% (58.9% to 97.3%) (c) 98.7% (88.9% to 99.8%) (d) 97.7% (76.1% to 99.8%) VE = (1 − RR) x 100 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ (e1) 71.1% (63.5% to 78.8%) (e2) 80.0% (56.3% to 94.3%) (e3) 88.2% (63.6% to 98.5%) VE = (ARU − ARV)/ARU x 100 Orenstein 1985
ca‐Bhuniya 2013	Children aged 9 to 59 months (at 30 June 2011) (a) 9 to 59 months (b) 9 to 12 months (c) > 12 months	A clinical case of measles is defined as fever with maculopapular rash and either conjunctivitis or cough or coryza (catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose). A confirmed case of measles is defined as a clinical case who is positive for anti‐measles virus nucleoprotein immunoglobulin M antibodies in serological tests but has not been vaccinated against measles during last 1 month.	MMR vaccine not described	(a) N = 50 (1 dose)	(a) N = 18	(a) 15/50 versus 16/18	(a) 66.3% (46.9% to 78.6%) (b) 66.6%(*) (c) 65.4%(*) (*) no statistical evidence VE = (1 − RR) x 100
ca‐Choe 2017	Outbreak at a university in 2014 Students born between 1984 and 1993. N = 14,465 VE > 10 years after vaccination	The definition of suspected measles case was individuals with following features: fever and rash and at least 1 of cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis. All suspected cases were quarantined and were interviewed using standardised questionnaire, and physical examinations were performed by trained physicians. Presence of symptoms (fever, rash, cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis), travel history, and days of illnesses were assessed.	MMR/not stated 2 doses	N = 11448	N = 3017	52/11448 versus 33/3017	60% (38.2% to 74.1%) VE = (1 − RR) x 100
ca‐La Torre 2017	N = 11,004 children born between 2008 and 2010 who underwent vaccination in 2009 to 2011. Follow‐up = 24 months	Hospitalisation for (a) measles (b) mumps (see also Table 24) (c) measles and mumps (d) all infectious diseases (e) all respiratory diseases The effectiveness of MMR vaccine in reducing hospitalisations for any infection was assessed by analysing 2 distinct databases (vaccination record) and (hospital discharge): Hospital discharge diagnosis which contained the following ICD‐9 codes in primary or secondary diagnosis: 001 to 139 for infectious and parasitic diseases; 460 to 519 for respiratory diseases	MMR not described the vaccination records of the database of the Roma Local Health Unit from which relevant data were extracted, such as date of birth; MMR vaccination (yes/no); MMR dose (only for vaccinated); personal tax code. The cohort was recomposed through record linkage of the 2 archives, registration and vaccination of hospital discharge records, using personal tax codes as a common identification in both archives.	(1) 1 dose N = 5392 (2) 2 doses N = 3310 (3) any dose N = 8702	Unvaccinated N = 2302	(a1) 3/5392 versus 9/2302 (a2) 0/3310 versus 9/2302 (a3) 3/8702 versus 9/2302 (b1) 1/5392 versus 1/2302 (b2) 0/3310 versus 1/2302 (b3) 1/8702 versus 1/2302 (c1) 4/5392 versus 10/2302 (c2) 0/3310 versus 10/2302 (c3) 4/8702 versus 10/2302 (d1) 82/5392 versus 262/2302 (d2) 70/3310 versus 262/2302 (d3) 414/8702 versus 262/2302 (e1) 202/5392 versus 424/2302 (e2) 183/3310 versus 424/2302 (e3) 809/8702 versus 424/2302	Unadjusted estimates (a1) 85.8% (47.5% to 96.1%) (a2) 96.3% (37.1% to 99.8%) (a3) 91.2% (67.5% to 97.6%) (b1) 57.3% (−582% to 97.3%)* (b2) 76.8% (−468% to 99.1%)* (b3) 73.5% (−322% to 98.3%)* (c1) 82.9% (45.6% to 94.6%) (c2) 96.7% (43.5% to 99.8%) (c3) 89.4% (66.3% to 96.7%) (d1) 86.6% (83% to 89.5%) (d2) 81.4% (75.9% to 85.6%) (d3) 84.7% (81.4% to 87.4%) (e1) 79.7% (76.1% to 82.7%) (e2) 70% (64.6% to 74.5%) (e3) 76% (72.6% to 78.9%) (*) no statistical evidence VE = (1 − RR) x 100 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Adjusted estimates any doses (a) 91% (68% to 99%) (b) not reported (c) 90% (66% to 97%) (d) 71% (66% to 75%) (e) 82% (52% to 93%) VE = (1 − HR)*100
ca‐Marolla 1998	Children (19 to 67 months) whose parent required a paediatrician visit during a measles outbreak peak	Clinical diagnosis patient records and parent interviews	(a) Pluserix Schwarz (b) Morupar Schwarz (c) Triviraten Edmonston‐Zagreb vaccination records	(a) N = 329 (1 dose) (b) N = 747 (1 dose) (c) N = 1023 (1dose)	N = 646 unvaccinated	(a) 0/329 versus 114/646 (b) 2/747 versus 114/646 (c) 8/1023 versus 114/646 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ (a) 0/ 19,836 PT (b) 2/ 12,906 PT (c) 8/ 31,329 PT (control) 114/22,188 PT = person‐time in months	(a) 100% (‐% to ‐%) (b) 97% (88% to 99%) (c) 95% (90% to 98%) VE = (ARU − ARV)/ARU x 100 Orenstein 1985
ca‐Musa 2018	Children aged up to 14 years. N = 2784 (children aged > 14 years, N = 2300). Data were presented by age group. The study included all students in 40 classes with 1 or more registered measles cases in the period February 2014 to September 2015. VE ≤ 5 years since vaccination 6 to 14 years since vaccination	Measles diagnosis was confirmed according to WHO guidelines. The clinical criteria for measles were fever, maculopapular rash (i.e. non‐vesicular rash), and cough or coryza (i.e. runny nose) or conjunctivitis (i.e. red eyes). The laboratory criteria for measles surveillance case confirmation were measles IgM antibody detection, or measles virus isolation, or measles viral RNA detection by RT‐PCR, or a significant rise in measles IgG antibody in paired sera. All suspected cases were investigated and classified based on clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological data, based on the WHO case definition.	MMR/not stated (a) 1 dose (b) 2 doses (c) ≤ 5 years since vaccination (d) 6 to 14 years since vaccination	(a) N = 100 (b) N = 606 (c) N = 20 (d) N = 76	N = 95	(a) 3/100 versus 35/95 (b) 6/606 versus 35/95 (c) 1/20 versus 35/95 (d) 2/76 versus 35/95	(a) 91.9% (74.4% to 97.4%) (b) 97.3% (93.8% to 98.8%) (c) 86.4% (6.6% to 98.0%) (d) 92.9% (71.2% to 98.2%) VE = (1 − RR) x 100
ca‐Ong 2007	Children from primary school in Singapore (aged 8 to 14 years, > 5 years since vaccination) during a measles outbreak	Clinical with laboratory confirmation. Active survey and serological confirmation	MMR vaccine not described Vaccination status was ascertained from health booklet.	N = 171 (1 dose)	N = 13 unvaccinated	2/171 versus 7 /13	97.8% (90.6% to 99.5%) VE = (1 − RR) x 100
ca‐Wichmann 2007	School outbreak 2006. Students aged 10 to 15 years (N = 875) 16 to 21 years (N = 139) VE < 10 years after vaccination > 10 years after vaccination	Clinical or laboratory	MMR/not stated (a) 1 dose (b) 2 doses (c) unknown vaccination status ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐	All ages (a) N = 199 (b) N = 561 (c) N = 218 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10 to 15 years (a) N =196 (b) N = 502 (c) N = 144 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16 to 21 years (a) N = 3 (b) N = 59 (c) N = 74	All ages N = 36 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10 to 15 years N = 33 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16 to 21 years N = 3	All ages (a) 2/199 versus 19/36 (b) 2/5611 versus 19/36 (c) 30/218 versus 19/36 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10 to 15 years (a) 2/196 versus 18/33 (b) 2/502 versus 18/33 (c) 25/144 versus 18/33 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16 to 21 years (a) 0/3 versus 1/3 (b) 0/59 versus 1/3 (c) 5/74 versus 1/3	All ages (a) 98.1% (92.2% to 99.5%) (b) 99.3% (97.2% to 99.8%) (c) 73.9% (59.0% to 83.4%) VE = (1 − RR) x 100 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10 to 15 years (a) 98.1% (92.3% to 99.5%) (b) 99.3% (97.0% to 99.8%) (c) 68.2% (48.9% to 80.2%) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16 to 21 years (a) 66.7% (*) (b) 97.8% (53.7% to 99.9%) (c) 79.7% (*) VE = (1 − RR) x 100 (*) no evidence
ca‐Woudenberg 2017	Infants aged 6 to 14 months living in municipalities where coverage with the first dose of MMR vaccine was < 90%. Infants aged 6 to 11 months were offered an extra vaccination (and would thus still be eligible for their second MMR vaccination at the age of 14 months). Infants aged 12 to 14 months were offered an early MMR vaccination as an alternative to the regular time point at 14 months of age. All infants were eligible for another dose of MMR scheduled at 9 years of age.	Laboratory‐confirmed measles N = 1080 infants eligible for analysis laboratory‐confirmed	MMR vaccine: (M‐M‐RVAXPRO; Sanofi Pasteur MSD). This vaccine contains measles virus Enders’ Edmonston strain. Vaccination status was checked in the national vaccination register. Parents were asked whether their infant(s) had had measles in the preceding 3 months.	N = 919	N = 311	3/106,631 (PT‐days) versus 10/23,769 (PT‐days)	HR (95% CI)(*) 0.29 (0.05 to 1.72) (*) adjusted estimates Cox proportional hazard model VE = 1 − HR
ca‐Arenz 2005	Household contacts 55 families, 43 children (a) 1 dose (b) 2 doses (c) any dose	Clinical	MMR/strain not stated	(a) N = 13 (b) N = 4	N = 26	(a) 1/13 versus 19/26 (b) 0/4 versus 19/26 (c) 1/20 versus 19/26	(a) 96.9% (71.8% to 99.7%) (b) 95.7% (10.6% to 99.8%) (c) 97.7% (79.3% to 99.7%) VE = (1 − RR) x 100 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ (a) 90% (35% to 97%) (b) not reported (c) 92% (48% to 98%) VE = (ARU − ARV)/ARU x 100 Orenstein 1985
ca‐Hales 2016	Household contacts adolescents and young adults (10 to 29 years) (a) any dose (b) 1 dose (c) 2 doses (d) 3 doses	Clinical or laboratory confirmation, or both	MMR vaccine not described	(a) N = 302 (b) N = 27 (c) N = 205 (d) N = 70	(a) N = 16	Pre‐campaign MMR doses (a) 16/302 versus 2/16 (b) 3/27 versus 2/16 (c) 13/205 versus 2/16 (d) 0/70 versus 2/16 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐	Pre‐campaign MMR doses (a) (No data) (b) 23.1% (−425.0% to 87.3%)* (c) 63.4% (−103.0% to 90.6%)* (d) 95.9% (45% to 100%) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Campaign MMR doses: 78.7% (10.1% to 97.7%) for pre‐exposure doses ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 50.4% (*) for postexposure doses (*) no statistical evidence ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ VE = (1 − OR) x 100 from logistic regression
ca‐Marin 2006	Household contacts (6 months to 14 years) of primary measles cases	Secondary cases Clinical (WHO definition) or IgM positive antibody of secondary cases Standardised questionnaires	MMR vaccine not described Vaccination records	(a1) N = 48 (1 dose) (a2) N = 106 (2 doses) (b) N = 44 (> 2 doses) (c) N = 219 any doses contacts	N = 21 unvaccinated	(a1) 2/48 versus 11/21 (a2) 3/106 versus 11/21 (b) 1/44 versus 11/21 (c) 17/219 versus 11/21	(a1) 92.0% (67.2% to 98.1%) (a2) 94.6% (82.3% to 98.4%) (b) 95.7% (68.6% to 99.4%) (c) 85.2% (72.7% to 92.0%) VE = (1 − RR) x 100
ca‐Arciuolo 2017	Postexposure prophylaxis Childrena aged < 19 years N = 208	All who subsequently developed measles were considered as contacts.	MMR not described MMR PEP administered within 72 hours of initial exposure.	N = 44	N = 164	(a) 2/44 versus 45/164	(a) 83.4% (34.4% to 95.8%) VE = (1 − RR) x 100
ca‐Barrabeig 2011a	Postexposure prophylaxis N = 166 children with median age of 16.5 months (range 6 to 47 months) Candidates for the intervention were susceptible contacts who had not received either measles‐containing vaccine or had not suffered measles.	Clinical and laboratory	MMR not stated (a) at least 1 dose (b) vaccinated ≤ 3 days (c) vaccinated 4 to 5 days (d) vaccinated 6 to 7 days (e) vaccinated 8 to 9 days (f) vaccinated 10 to 12 days	(a) N = 54 (b) N = 17 (c) N = 14 (d) N = 14 (e) N = 8 (f) N = 1	N = 21	(a) 12/54 versus 13/21 (b) 1/17 versus 13/21 (c) 4/14 versus 13/21 (d) 5/14 versus 13/21 (e) 1/8 versus 13/21 (f) 1/1 versus 13/21	(a) 64.1% (34.5% to 80.3%) (b) 90.5% (34.5% to 98.6%) (c) 53.8% (0.0% to 81.1%) (d) 42.3% (0.0% to 81.1%) (e) 79.8% (0.0% to 73.5%) (f) not reported VE = (1 − RR) x 100

ARU: attack rate amongst unvaccinated
ARV: attack rate amongst vaccinated
CI: confidence interval
HR: hazard ratio
ICD: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
IgG: immunoglobulin G
IgM: immunoglobulin M
incidence: cases/PT
MMR: measles, mumps, rubella vaccine
MMRV: measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine
N: number of participants in intervention and control arm
OR: odds ratio
PEP: postexposure prophylaxis
PT: person‐time in months
rr: rate ratio (relative incidence, incidence rate ratio, hazard ratio)
RR: risk ratio (relative risk)
RNA: ribonucleic acid
RT‐PCR: reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction
VE: vaccine effectiveness/efficacy
WHO: World Health Organization