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. 2021 Nov 22;2021(11):CD004407. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5

2. Measles: effectiveness ‐ case‐control studies.

Study Population
characteristics Case
definition Controls/
selection MMR strain/exposure N cases vaccinated/N cases
versus
N controls vaccinated/N controls OR (95% CI) VE% (95% CI)
ba‐Defay 2013 Children aged 5 to 17 years
(a) outside of outbreak school
(b) all participants		 (a) N = 61
(b) N = 102
confirmed by laboratory testing
or epidemiologic link
is notifiables
by both physicians and
laboratories in Quebec		 (a) N = 305
(b) N = 510
Controls were matched
for date of birth
(± 6 months)
and school attended
in 2010 to 2011.		 MMR‐II
(Merck Canada,
Montreal, Quebec)
Cases and controls
received
2 doses of
measles‐containing
vaccine.		 No data reported
amongst unvaccinated. ‐ ‐
ba‐Hungerford 2014 Participants
(median age 16 years,
upper quartile age 76 years)
living in Merseyside (UK)		 N = 42
microbiological confirmation:
oral fluid/blood test
IgM positive or PCR positive		 N = 42
Control group participants were
selected at random,
matched 1:1 by general
medical practice and aged
within 1 year.		 MMR vaccine not described
(a) vaccinated appropriately for age
(b) under age
for vaccination (< 14 months)
(c) all ‐ vaccinated
Unvaccinated: incompletely or partially vaccinated for age (> 13 months)		 (a) 5/27 versus 23/29
(b) 15/37 versus 12/18
(c) 20/42 versus 35/42		 Risk factors for
measles infection
(univariate analysis)
age > 13 months and incomplete vaccination
6.3 (1.9 to 33.4)
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
(Multivariate analysis)
under age for routine
vaccination
20.4 (2.0 to 300)
incomplete/partial vaccination
for age > 13 months
22.1 (3.8 to 300)
(**) adjusted for confounders		 Risk factors for
measles infection
(univariate analysis)
age > 13 months and incomplete vaccination
84.1% (47.4% to 97.0%)
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
(Multivariate analysis)
under age for routine
vaccination
95.1% (50.0% to 100%)
incomplete/partial vaccination
for age > 13 months
95.5% (73.7% to 100%)
(**) adjusted for confounders
VE = (1 − OR) x 100
ba‐Jick 2010 Participants
aged 1 to 19 years		 N = 1261
clinical definition		 N = 4996
randomly selected, matched for year of birth, gender, general practice attended, index date		 MMR or MR
not described
(a) 1 dose
(b) > 1 dose		 (a) 409/1221 versus 2012/4750
(b) 40/852 versus 246/2984		 (a) 0.49 (0.41 to 0.58)*
(b) 0.39 (0.26 to 0.58)*
*adjusted estimates, conditional logistic regression		 (a) 51.0% (42.0% to 59.0%)
(b) 61.0% (42.0% to 74.0%)
VE = (1 − OR) x 100

**: multivariate analysis
CCDC: Consultant in Communicable Disease Control
CI: confidence interval
IgM: immunoglobulin M
MR: measles and rubella vaccine
MMR: measles, mumps, rubella vaccine
MMRV: measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine
N: number of participants
OR: odds ratio
PCR: polymerase chain reaction
VE: vaccine effectiveness/efficacy
WHO: World Health Organization