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. 2021 Apr 1;2:9. doi: 10.1186/s43556-021-00034-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Combinatorial effect of Th17 polarizing cytokines. Human naive T cells were differentiated for 5 days in the presence of polyclonal activation (anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads). Cells were cultured in the presence of different cytokine inputs: IL-12 + IL-1β, IL-12 + IL-1β + IL-23, IL-1β + IL-23, IL-12 + IL-1β + IL-6, IL-12 + IL-1β + TGF-β, proTh17 (IL-1β + IL-6 + IL-23 + TGF-β). Cells exposed only to polyclonal stimulation were considered as Th0. RNA extraction of differentiated cells was performed and transcripts were then quantified by RT-PCR. Gene expression was normalized to the reference genes HPRT1, B2M and RPL34. a Relative expression of IL-17A. b Relative expression of IL-17F. c Relative expression of STAT5A. d Relative expression of STAT5B. e Relative expression of RORC. f Relative expression of RORA. Graphs represent mean ± SD, N = 3, * and ** represents p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively (paired t-test)