Table 1.
Bacterial efflux transporters
| Name/ Gene name | Other names | Organism | Family/Sub-family | Polypeptide chain length (aa) | Confers resistance to | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| qacA | QacA | Staphylococcus aureus | DHA2 family (MFS) | 514 | Benzalkonium chloride, Cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide, Ethidium bromide, Chlorhexidine, Pentamidine isethionate | [15, 16] |
| norA | – | Staphylococcus aureus | TCR family (MFS) | 388 | Fluoroquinolones | [17] |
| emrB | – | Escherichia coli | EmrA family (MFS) | 512 | 2,4-dinitrophenol, Nalidixic acid, CCCP, thiolactomycin, m-chlorophenylhydrazone | [15, 18, 19] |
| mdfA | cmlA, cmr | Escherichia coli | MdfA family (MFS) | 410 | Ethidium bromide, Tetraphenylphosphonium, Rhodamine, Daunomycin, Benzalkonium, Rifampicin, Tetracycline, Puromycin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Fluoroquinolones, extreme alkaline pH resistance | [20–25] |
| setA | yabM | Escherichia coli | SET family (MFS) | 392 | Sugar efflux, Sugar detoxification (non-metabolizable) | [26] |
| sugE | – | Escherichia coli | SMR family (DMT) | 105 | Guanidinium, Cetylpyridinium, Cetyldimethylethyl ammonium, Cetrimide cations | [27–29] |
| emrE | mvrC | Escherichia coli | SMR family (DMT) | 110 | DDAC, Ethidium, Methyl viologen, Acriflavine, Tetraphenylphosphonium, Benzalkonium, Propidium, Dequalinium, Streptomycin, Tobramycin | [30–32] |
| qacE | – | Klebsiella pneumoniae | SMR family (DMT) | 110 | Quaternary ammonium compounds | [33] |
| qacC | QacSau | Staphylococcus aureus | SMR family (DMT) | 107 | Quaternary ammonium compounds, Ethidium bromide | [33] |
| yvdS | – | Bacillus subtilis | SMR family (DMT) | 114 | [33] | |
| acrB | acrE, AcrAB-TolC | Escherichia coli | RND family | 1049 | Tetracycline, Puromycin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Rifampicin, Fusidic acid, Acriflavine, Bile salts, Cephalosporins, Crystal violet, Ethidium bromide, Fluoroquinolones, SDS, Triclosan, Triton X-100 | [34–37] |
| mmpL7 | – | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | MmpL sub-family (RND) | 920 | Phthiocerol dimycocerosate, Isoniazid | [38–40] |
| czcA | – | Ralstonia metallidurans | RND family | 1063 | CZC- Cobalt, Zinc and Cadmium resistance | [41] |
| mexB | – | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | RND family | 1046 | tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptonigrin, dipyridyl | [42] |
| norM | vcmA | Vibrio cholerae | MATE family | 457 | Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Daunomycin, Doxorubicin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Ethidium bromide, Acriflavine | [43–45] |
| yeeO | – | Escherichia coli | MATE Family | 547 | Exports peptides- pepA, pepB, pepD, pepN and flavins- FMN, FAD | [46, 47] |
| lmrA | – | Lactococcus lactis | LmrA family (ABC) | 590 | Various antibiotics | [48, 49] |
| bmrA | yvcC | Bacillus subtilis | ABC superfamily | 589 | Hoechst-33,342, Ethidium bromide, Doxorubicin | [26, 50] |
| macB | – | Escherichia coli | Macrolide Exporter family (ABC) | 648 | Macrolides | [51–53] |
| msrA | – | Staphylococcus epidermidis | ABC superfamily | 488 | Erythromycin, B-streptogramins | [26] |
| drrAB | – | Streptomyces peucetius | Drug exporter 1 family | 330 | Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin | [26, 54] |
CCCP Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazine, DDAC Dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate, FMN Flavin mononucleotide, FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide